U368 Mongol Conquest Lecture

Week Six, Wednesday:  Islamic Government and Mongol Conquest

Announcemnts: readings, "Kin Tartars," "Kitai"

1. Further Sunni compromise:
   1. Separation of state (cycles) and society (preserves Islam)
      1. The government theoretically separate from legislation
      2. 'Ulama'--body of Islamic lawyers-interprets shari'a (Islamic law)
         1. International body develops schools of law (from Koran, traditions, etc.)
         2. Cadis (judges), city based, funded by endowments, loyal to school
   2. Turk military (cycles) and Tazik bureaucracy (preserves continuity)
      1. Ruler's government (in substance, like N. China)
         1. Wazir (vizier) who is prime minister, from ranks of clerks
         2. Diwan (divan): registry >> office or department
      2. Local rulers (very different from N. China)
         1. Military, and tends to hereditary (called emir, malik, khan)
   3. Taxation
      1. Land and poll tax (in substance similar to N. China)
         1. Land tax:  originally tribute paid by non-Muslims
         2. Muslims pay zakat (alms), non-Muslims pay jizya (poll tax)
2. Commerce and government (relation very different from N. China)
   1. Merchants respected in Koran, shari'a legislates gold & silver weights
   2. Officials invested in trade, didn't monopolize it
      1. Merchants given tax farms >> capital for trade
   3. Trade between realms based on silver and gold; copper local only
      1. Silver coin (dirham) rare since 1100, gold (dinar) dominant
3. Chinggis Qan's policy in Transoxiana, Khorasan (probably as in China)
   1. People driven into fields, divided into tens, hundreds (page nos. Juvaini)
      1. Sultan's Qanglï & Turkish soldiers 'Tatarized,' 91, 100, 106-7, 121
      2. Town looted, assigned payment, citadel razed, 89-90, 100, 102
      3. Craftsmen deported, divided among princes, 85, 122 (SH §260)
      4. Young men to levy, assigned to Mongol units, 85, 92, 100, 122
      5. Even in massacres, craftsmen spared and deported, 128, 162, 177
   2. New officials (shahna/basqaq/darugachi)
      1. Shahna/basqaq appointed at various levels, 102
      2. Some are old Muslim adherents of Chinggis, 87, 90
      3. Bokhara province:  Yeh-lü A-hai (Taishi >> "Tausha/Tamsha") 107
         1. Yah-lü A-hai was Khitan, Baljuna covenanter
         2. Chinese, Khitan officials, craftsmen in Bokhara
         3. His son, Ye-lü Mien-ssu-ke would succeed him, 111
      4. Secret History's Yalawachi and Masqud anachronistic §263
   3. No Khorazmian generals join Chinggis's inner circle; the game is "locked"