U368 Mongol Conquest

Week 9, Supplemental notes:  How the Ögedeids blew it

Announcement:  Museum tour, 2:35-3:35 on Friday; meet at the atrium

1. The third generation
   1. Second generation ends with Ögedei
      1. 1st, to 1227
      2. 2nd ends with Ögedei and Cha'adai's death, 1241-1242
      3. 3rd almost ends with Hüle'ü and Berke's death 1265-6 (Qubilai to 1294)
   2. Can third generation hold together the empire?
2. Succession struggles involve the whole empire
   1. Main Mongol families set up regional khanates
      1. Jochid realm biggest benefit from expansion--itself breaks up:
         1. Princes of the right hand (Batu)
         2. Princes of the left hand (Hordu/Orda)--senior Chinggisid
         3. Position as stand-offish>>great leverage
      2. Cha/adaids
         1. Position in Turkestan>>no benefit from expansion
         2. Hard-core supporters of Ögedeids>>little leverage
         3. Conflict of Yisü-Toqa (son) and Qara-Hüle'ü (grand-son)
   2. Subject kingdoms--Mongols extend loose succession rules to them
      1. Example of the two Davids
   3. The chief administrators
3. Initial agreement:  Ögedei's line holds khanship (Juvaini, p. 251)
   1. Nomination proves to be ineffective
      1. Khans tend to nominate grandsons
         1. Ögedei nominated Shiremün, Cha'adai>>Qara-Hüle'ü
   2. Conflict of Ögedeids--Köten vs. Töregene
      1. Töregene for Güyüg, but Güyüg not too close to his mother
   3. Töregene changed all the officials of the empire
      1. Chinqai/Zhenhai (Ögedei's chief scribe) fled to Köten
      2. 'Abd ar-Rahman for Yalavach in N. China, Yalavach to Köten
      3. Yalavach's son Mas'ud flees to Batu
      4. Arghun for Körgüz ('George') in Khurasan & Mazandaran
   4. Policy of stepped-up exploitation
4. Güyüg gains support of most princes, tries to return to Ögedei's policy
   1. Coronation heals rift Köten-Töregene rift
      1. Execution of Fatima for witchcraft shows Töregene out of favor
      2. Issue now turns into Batu vs. Güyüg
   2. All Ögedei's officials restored (except Körgüz>>Arghun retined)
   3. Again uses liberality to secure loyalty
   4. Conquests ordered in North China & Sung, and W. Iran-Georgia-Armenia
      1. Actual scope of conquests fairly small
      2. Key unconquered area was Europe--Key player there was Batu
         1. Possible expansion of his appanage, but possible arrest too.
         2. Plano Carpini sees anti-Batu moves a anti-Europe moves
         3. Would Güyüg replace him with Hordu?
   5. Move to Emil(Ögedeid homeland) gave center to Toluids (Sorqagtani Beki)
5. Oghul Ghaimish's regency and the makings of the Toluid revolution
   1. Were only Güyüg's sons eligible now?  (Rashid, p. 182, says yes)
      1. Khoja and Naqu had no experience, no base
      2. Again dissension of mothers vs. sons
      3. Töregene and Oghul Ghaimish isolated (with bö'e/qam?)
   2. Repeat of Ögedid and Cha'adaids vs. Jochids:  now Toluids (Beki) allies of Batu
      1. Ghaimish occpies Ögedeid ordo (Töregene had kept center ordo)
      2. Batu believes Güyüg is out to replace him
   3. Are only Ögedeids really eligible?  Secret History (§ 255) says no

Week 9, Supplemental notes:  The Toluid coup d'etat and its consequences

1. First quriltai with Batu's court at Ala-Qamaq:  first "rigged" quriltai
   1. Limited attendance--Ögedeids and Cha'adaids all were outsiders
      1. Qadaqan:  Ögedei's son by minor wife; Mochi, Cha'adai's son by slave
      2. Qara-Hüle'ü had been deposed by Güyüg for Yisü-toqa
   2. First quriltai not hled at the Shira Ordu
   3. Preliminary decisions favor senior Toluid as qa'an>>Möngke
      1. All Chinggisids, not just Ögedeids, considered (Juvaini, p. 558-9)
      2. Must be experienced>>excludes Güyüg's sons (p. 559-60, 562-3)
      3. Hordu dead by now; Batu offered the throne as senior
      4. Batu himself prefers autonomy in his own ordu
   4. Participants see it as preliminary; needs confirmation
2. Toluids win by letting the other side over-react
   1. Formal quriltai only a formality
      1. A little greater participation--fraternal families, Köten's sons, Malik, etc
      2. Ögedeids use passive resistance; no one would dare rule with a rigged quriltai
      3. When Möngke and Batu did rule, those cheated turned voilent
   2. Shiremün and Naqu's coup gave vital excuse for empire-wide purge
3. Results of the rvolution & new power structure
   1. Chinggisid privilege emphasized
      1. Noyans and queens slaughtered, but...
      2. Of Chinggisids, only Büri killed
   2. Möngke-Batu dyarchy (Rubruck, pp. 136, 155, 196)
      1. Batu insists on substantial autonomy, no campaign in Europe
      2. Campaigns not to Europe, but to Song and Caliphate & Isma'ilis
4. Tension over western Iran
   1. Iran under Ögedei in some sense under Batu
      1. Representative from princes, esp. Batu, sent to chief officials
      2. Tribute flows north to Jochids (Rubruck, p. 124)
      3. Under Ögedei, batu's men (Nosal and Körgüz) tax Persia
   2. Under Töregene rivalry for Western iran
      1. Cha'adaids and Töregene have Körgüz killed, appoint Arghun
      2. Arghun (and later Elijigidei in Western Iran) centralize power, diplomacy
   3. Möngke's ambivalent policy
      1. Arghun successfully courts S. Beki, joins Toluid camp (1249-1252)
      2. Eljigidei & co. killed in purge by Batu, but Arghun stays on
      3. Toluid Hüle'ü sent to Iran with Jochid princes, Arghun had reps from Batu
      4. But centralization stepped up even more