U569  Modern Inner Mongolia
Lecture, Tuesday, Week 6

 

  1. New Policies as a State-Building Revolution
    1. What is gov't:  executor of death or administrator of life?
    2. The policies in China proper
      1. Institutional Modernization measures (knowledge is power!)
        1. Education:  Students sent abroad, Japanese teachers invited
        2. Military reform (root of warlord armies)
        3. Police bureaus created
      2. Cultural homogenization measures (no more Boxers!)
        1. Temples converted to schools
        2. Hygiene bureaus regulate markets
        3. New curriculum (scientific, modernizing)
      3. Popular Representation measures (a popular gov't is a strong gov't!)
        1. Chambers of commerce
        2. Provincial, imperial parliaments
      4. All funded locally-surcharges, commercial taxes, set by gentry
    3. Policies in Inner Asia
      1. Analogues to those in China proper
        1. Expanded functional organization of the government
        2. Hygiene bureaus, prisons, police, schools
        3. How can you pay for this locally in Inner Asia?
      2. Unique to Inner Asia
        1. Colonization in Inner Mongolia, Eastern Tibet
          1. Strengthens frontiers and pays for new gov't functions
          2. Colonization implemented by banner governments
        2. Border guards in Khalkha, Hulun Buir replaced
        3. Buddhism not attacked, but Dalai Lama in exile
    4. Common theme:  Gov't power increased but gov't insulation decreased
      1. Widespread plebeian opposition in China proper
      2. Widespread plebeian and patrician opposition in Inner Asia
      3. Common to both:  the new "local bully"
  2. New Policies:  implementation and Mongol response
    1. Implemented through banner government (no parliamentarism)
      1. Bottom-soil rights abolished in colonization areas
      2. Issue:  who controls pace of colonization?  who gets the money?
    2. 1902-1908:  Yigu pushes New Policies in Suiyuan (Ordos, Ulaanchab, R. Chakhar)
      1. Chakhar doesn't resist:  Under tight control from Beijing
      2. Heavy resistance in Yekhe Juu and Ulaanchab
        1. Princes' attitudes various: some resist, some don't
    3. Duguilang movements in Ordos/Yekhe Juu
      1. Traced as early as 1850s (traces in Huc and Gabet?)
      2. Violently against New Policies and against jasags who implement them
        1. Banner members:  should have free access to banner resources
        2. But financial needs demand renting out natural resources
        3. Defend Buddhist temples, Chinggis Khan against Catholics, gemings
    4. New Policies and Resistance in eastern Inner Mongolia
      1. Chinese colonization of Manchuria;  before and after New Policies
      2. Russian occupation, Russo-Japanese war:  civilian militarization
        1. Togtakhu Taiji's rebellion:  1906-1910
      3. New Policies in Hulun Buir:  immediate integration of borders
        1. 1912:  insurrection of the banners against Chinese rule
  3. Inner Asian opposition to New Politices:  nationalism?  Or counter-revolution?