independence-zook_fn.html[1]Holtzer, H. Avery, G. and Holtzer, S. (1954) Some properties of regenerating limb blastema cells of salamanders. Biol. Bull. 107: 313.

[2]Weiss, P. (1950) The deplantation of fragments of nervous system in amphibians. I. Central reorganization and the formation of nerves. J. Exp. Zool. 113:397-461.

[3]Pietsch, P. (1961) Differentiation in regeneration I. The development of muscle and cartilage following deplantation of regenerating limb blastemata of Amblystoma larvae. Dev. Biol 3: 255-264.

[4]Pietsch, P. (1962) The influence of spinal cord on differentiation of skeletal muscle in regenerating limb blastema of Amblystoma larvae. Anat. Rec. 142:169-178.

[5]Holtzer, S. (1956) The inductive activity of the spinal cord in urodele tail regeneration. J. Morphol. 99:1-39.

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[7]Pietsch, P. (1991) Effects of retinoic acid on the muscle patterns produced during forelimb regeneration in larval salamanders. Cytobios 66:41-61.

[8] Lashley, K. S. (1963) Brain mechanisms and intelligence. Dover Publications, New York.


*After a limb is amputated, the muscle of the stump retracts from the wound surface; the fibers soon break up for about a millimeter (in larvae); then within a few days stump muscle reappears, apparently in a manner very similar to regeneration in mammalian skeletal muscle tissue. This repair of stump muscle occurs over 2 weeks sooner than muscle appears in quantity distal to the original plane of limb amputation.


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<--- Little Handy's orbitally situated hand developed from a regenerating limb blastema transplanted in lieu of his right eye eleven days after amputation below the elbow. We see him asleep here (in an anesthetic, MS 222, sometimes used on sharks) with what developed from that blastema (hand, wrist and lower forearm ) 30 days after transplantation. Did orbital muscles hook up to the limb (the reason I did the experiment in the first place)? Instead of pickling the little guy to find out histologically, I used a method that let him keep on living (for a while, anyway): I teased him (when he was awake, of course) with a juicy, red tubifex worm -- filet mignon to Little Handy and et al. When his good left eye moved to track the wriggling quary, the hand on the other side of his head moved in concert. Movement requires muscles. Therefore....


"Tickie wrench" is in a line from the 1966 movie Sand Pebbles about an American gunboat on the Yangtze during the 1920's. Machinists Mate First Class Steve McQueen has just transferred in from the Pacific Fleet, expecting, as ranking petty officer on the black gang, to assume command of the engine room. But his new shipmates have long since surrendered virtually all work details (including shaving) to a crew of Chinese coolies. It's their rice bowl, as one burly comrade informs Steve McQueen. A sailor by the book, McQueen quickly finds himself in a power struggle with the boss coolie down in the engine room. At one point, when a bearing on a piston needs tightening with a special form of monkey wench, Steve McQueen calls for what the coolies call it, the tickie wrench. But the boss coolie grabs the wrench, clutches it to his bosom and insists "My tickie wrench!" For down in the engine room he who wields the Tickie Wrench is the boss. And he who surrenders his tickie wrench, gives up his authority, his rice bowl -- and his face -- if he is a coolie.


The medical school at the University of Pennsylvania has disbanded its once proud and distinguished Department of Anatomy.