Indiana University Department of English

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH COURSE DESCRIPTIONS
FOR
SUMMER SESSIONS 2007

FIRST SUMMER SESSION
May 8 – June 14

W231 PROFESSIONAL WRITING SKILLS (3 SECTIONS)
W350 ADVANCED EXPOSITORY WRITING
W103 INTRODUCTORY CREATIVE WRITING
W203 CREATIVE WRITING
L202 LITERARY INTERPRETATION
L204 INTRODUCTION TO FICTION (5 SECTIONS)
E303 LITERATURES IN ENGLISH 1800-1900
L374 ETHNIC AMERICAN LITERATURE
L390 CHILDREN’S LITERATURE
Y398 PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE IN ENGLISH
L495 INDIVIDUAL READING IN ENGLISH
L498 INTERNSHIP IN ENGLISH
L499 SENIOR INDEPENDENT STUDY FOR HONORS

SECOND SUMMER SESSION
June 15– August 10

W231 PROFESSIONAL WRITING SKILLS (2 SECTIONS)
W350 ADVANCED EXPOSITORY WRITING
W103 INTRODUCTORY CREATIVE WRITING
W203 CREATIVE WRITING
W410 INDIANA WRITING WORKSHOP
L202 LITERARY INTERPRETATION
L204 INTRODUCTION TO FICTION (2 SECTIONS)
E301 LITERATURES IN ENGLISH TO 1600
E302 LITERATURES IN ENGLISH 1600-1800
L391 LITERATURE FOR YOUNG ADULTS
Y398 PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE IN ENGLISH
L495 INDIVIDUAL READING IN ENGLISH
L498 INTERNSHIP IN ENGLISH
L499 SENIOR INDEPENDENT STUDY FOR HONORS

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ENGLISH MAJOR

L202 - Literary Interpretation 3 hours

L371 - Introduction to Criticism 3 hours

Historical-Distribution Requirement

Beginnings Through the Sixteenth Century 3 hours

Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries 3 hours

The Nineteenth Century 3 hours

1900 to the Present 3 hours

English Electives at or above the 200 level 12 hours

Total 30 hours

The Historical-Distribution Requirement is satisfied by taking at least one approved 300-level course in each historical period from the following list:
Beginnings Through the Sixteenth Century:
E301 - Literatures in English to 1600
L305 - Chaucer
L306 - Middle English Literature
L307 - Medieval and Tudor Drama

Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries:
E302 - Literatures in English 1600 to 1800
L308 - Elizabethan Drama and Its Background
L309 - Elizabethan Poetry
L313 - Early Plays of Shakespeare
L314 - Late Plays of Shakespeare
L317 - English Poetry of the Early Seventeenth-Century
L318 - Milton
L320 - Restoration and Early Eighteenth-Century Literature
L327 - Later Eighteenth-Century Literature
L328 - Restoration and Eighteenth- Century Drama
L347 - British Fiction to 1800
L350 - Early American Writing and Culture to 1800

The Nineteenth Century:
E303 - Literatures in English 1800-1900
L332 - Romantic Literature
L335 - Victorian Literature
L348 - Nineteenth-Century British Fiction:
L351 - American Literature 1800-1865
L352 - American Literature 1865-1914
L355 - American Fiction to 1900
L356 - American Poetry to 1900

1900 to the Present:
E304 - Literatures in English 1900- Present
L345 - Twentieth-Century British Poetry
L346 - Twentieth-Century British Fiction
L354 - American Literature since 1914
L357 - Twentieth-Century American Poetry
L358 - Twentieth-Century American Fiction
L366 - Modern Drama: English, Irish, American, and Post-Colonial
L380 - Literary Modernism
L381 - Recent Writing
L383 - Studies in British and Commonwealth Culture (when subject is 20th Century)

First Summer Session 2007
W231 PROFESSIONAL WRITING SKILLS
Staff
2540 8:55a-10:10a D (25 students ) 3 cr.
2542 10:20a-11:35a D (25 students) 3 cr.
2544 11:45a - 1:00p D (25 students ) 3 cr.

PREREQUISITE: COMPLETION OF THE ENGLISH COMPOSITION REQUIREMENT

Designed to develop research and writing skills requisite for most academic and professional activities. Emphasis on methods of research, organization, and writing techniques useful in preparing reviews, critical bibliographies, research and technical reports, proposals, and papers.

W350 2546 ADVANCED EXPOSITORY WRITING
Staff
10:20a-11:35a D (25 students ) 3 cr. , IW.

PREREQUISITE: COMPLETION OF THE ENGLISH COMPOSITION REQUIREMENT.

COLLEGE INTENSIVE WRITING SECTION.

Advanced writing course focuses on the interconnected activities of writing and reading, especially the kinds of responding, analyzing, and evaluating that characterize work in many fields in the university. Topics vary from semester to semester.

W103 2532 INTRODUCTORY CREATIVE WRITING
Staff
10:20a-11:35a D ( 18 students ) 3 cr.

Introduction to the art of creative writing. Short assignments, independent work, and classroom discussion of the fundamentals of writing fiction, poetry, and drama.

W203 2538 CREATIVE WRITING - POETRY
Staff
8:55a-10:10a D (18 students) 3 cr.
PREREQUISITE: ENGLISH MAJOR OR COMPLETION OF W103 OR CONSENT OF THE DIRECTOR OF CREATIVE WRITING
This exploratory course in poetry and/or fiction is designed for students with basic familiarity of creative writing. Students will read the work of published authors in conjunction with composing and revising original work. A final portfolio of original work is typical of these courses.

L202 2506 LITERARY INTERPRETATION
Dana Anderson
10:20a-11:35a D (25 students) 3 cr., A&H, IW.

PREREQUISITE: Completion of the English Composition requirement.

TOPIC: “Bigger than Ourselves”

This course will help you develop the critical skills necessary for interpreting, discussing, and writing about literary texts. To that end, we will learn and practice strategies for appreciating a wide range of genres (including poetry, drama, fiction, and nonfiction) from across an equally wide range of historical periods. Our texts will be focused around the theme of how people envision, address, engage, and cope with forces much larger than they are. These could be institutional/governmental forces, forces of nature, divine or spiritual forces—you’ll just have to join us to see how gloriously varied the possibilities are.

Much of the work of this course will be carried on through class discussion and other class activities, so regular attendance and participation are expected. Assignments will consist of quizzes, several smaller microthemes, three shorter, formal papers, and a final exam.

L204 INTRODUCTION TO FICTION
Staff
2507 10:20a-11:35a D (25 students) 3 cr., A&H, IW.
2509 8:55a-10:10a D (25 students) 3 cr., A&H, IW.
2511 10:20a-11:35a D (25 students) 3 cr., A&H, IW.
2512 11:45a - 1:00p D (25 students) 3 cr., A&H, IW.
2513 1:10p-2:25p D (25 students) 3 cr., A&H, IW.

Representative works of fiction; structural techniques in the novel. Novels and short stories from several ages and countries.

E303 2503 LITERATURES IN ENGLISH , 1800-1900
Gareth Evans
10:20a-11:35a D (30 students) 3 cr., A&H.

The course will introduce students to a range of writing by nineteenth-century British and American authors. The class will focus on the political, ethical, and aesthetic questions raised by the work we read. While we will look, in part, at the relationship between literature and social change, we will also examine how a number of nineteenth-century British and American authors implicitly and explicitly define the role of literature. We’ll think, too, about the differences made by reading transatlantically rather than nationally. We’ll get a sense of the variety of British and American nineteenth-century literature as we move from the theory and practice of British romantic poetry to an account of slavery, from Dickens on crime, childhood, and the city to one of Hawthorne’s experiments in romance, and from Whitman’s “barbaric yawp” to conflicting accounts of life in late nineteenth-century New York. We’ll end with a proto-modernist horror story by Henry James. The issues we will discuss include: slavery, the politics and poetics of democracy and individualism, immigration, the city as promise and as problem, ideals of womanhood and manhood. I’ve not chosen any of the door-stopper size novels that characterize 19th-century literature, but the reading load is still heavy at times, and I encourage you to read Dickens, Fern, and Jacobs before we reach the weeks for which they are assigned.

Required Reading:
Charles Dickens, Oliver Twist (Penguin)
Fanny Fern, Ruth Hall ( Rutgers)
Harriet Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (Harvard)
Henry James, The Turn of the Screw (Penguin)
Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass (1855) (Penguin)

Material on e-reserve by: Cahan, Coleridge, Crane, Emerson, Hawthorne, Wordsworth.

Writing Requirements :

Three open-book exams. Students will write one essay in each exam. Questions will be distributed in advance and you will be able to bring the text you’re writing about to the exam. One typed essay that is a minimum of 6-8 double spaced pages in length. The typed essay will be a revision and extension of one of the first two essays you write for an exam. Three brief typed responses to reading questions posted at Oncourse. You will post your responses at Oncourse, too. A library research exercise. Class participation.

E304 12033 LITERATURES IN ENGLISH, 1900-PRESENT
Staff
11:45a-1:00p D (30 students) 3 cr., A&H.

Representative study of twentieth-century literatures in English. In addition to Britain and North America, cultural locations may include the Indian subcontinent, Australasia, Anglophone Africa, the Caribbean, etc. Focus on themes associated with modernity and cross-cultural contacts.

L374 12034 ETHNIC AMERICAN LITERATURE
Anthony Ardizzone
1:10p-2:25p D (30 students) 3 cr., A&H.

Ethnic American Literature focuses on selected works by North American ethnic writers, including works by European-America, African-American, Native-American, Asian-American, and Latino/a writers. The course will define and discuss the shifting concepts of race and ethnicity in the Americas and investigate the relationships between ethnicity and history as well as ethnicity and gender. A significant amount of reading (mainly novels) will be required. Students will likely write a series of response papers, a major course essay, and an in-class final.

Possible Texts:
Christ in Concrete, Pietro di Donato
Obasan, by Joy Kogawa
Jasmine, Bharati Mukherjee
The Women of Brewster Place, Gloria Naylor
Family Installments: Memories of Growing Up Hispanic, Edward Rivera
Ceremony, Leslie Marmon Silko
Maus I & II, Art Spiegelman
Hungry Hearts, Anzia Yezierska

L390 12035 CHILDREN’S LITERATURE
Alyce Miller
1:10p-2:25p D (30 students) 3 cr., A&H.

This is a class for adult readers of children's literature. What better way to spend 6 weeks in the summer than reading and enjoying ten specially selected books written for and about children? This will not be a course on teaching children's literature or teaching children how to read . Instead, we will read some of the most wonderful books ever written for children and look at the ways in which "childhood" is both imagined and constructed. Is childhood "innocent"? Is childhood "magical" ? We will examine the ways adults are characterized in these books (either through their presence or absence) and explore distinctions between "adult" and "child" worlds. We will also consider the way in which non-human animals or mythical creatures are represented in many of the readings, and their relationships to the human children protagonists.

We will focus on close textual readings of the books assigned. This requires that students be ready to read carefully and interactively. The class will be primarily discussion-based, and participation will be essential to the success of our conversations. Written assignments may include some of the following: short quizzes, a couple of response papers, a longer paper, and one or two essay exams. The reading list will include an exciting combination of poetry and short prose.

Y398 2555 PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE IN ENGLISH
Paul Gutjahr
ARR 1-6 cr.

This course provides academic credit for a supervised, career-related work experience in a cooperating institution, agency, or business. Evaluation is made by the employer and the English Department. Credits do not count toward distribution or English requirements. S/F grading. For details students should consult either the Director of Undergraduate Studies (Ballantine 442A) or the Undergraduate Academic Advisor (Ballantine 442B).

L495 2516 INDIVIDUAL READING IN ENGLISH
Paul Gutjahr
ARR 1-3 cr.

PERMISSION OF THE INSTRUCTOR AND DIRECTOR OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES REQUIRED. OBTAIN AUTHORIZATION FROM BH442.

Under the aegis of this course, a student arranges with a faculty member for a tutorial on a literary subject, author, or group of authors. Ordinarily, teachers are most willing to conduct an independent reading project with a student whom they know from a previous course, and on a topic within their field of expertise. If a student has a project in mind, but no idea about appropriate teachers, she or he can ask the Director of Undergraduate Studies (BH442A) to recommend names of possible teachers.

In undertaking L495, the student and teacher ordinarily agree on a sequence of readings, on a schedule of meetings, and on written assignments. This agreement must be written down on a form available from the Undergraduate Secretary in the English Department (BH442) and returned BEFORE authorization to enroll in the course can be granted.

L498 2518 INTERNSHIP IN ENGLISH
Paul Gutjahr
ARR 1-3 cr.

PREREQUISITES: MAJOR STANDING, 3.0 GPA, AND 12 CREDITS OF ENGLISH AT 200-LEVEL OR ABOVE INCLUDING L202. PRIOR ARRANGEMENT MUST BE MADE WITH A FACULTY MEMBER OR EDITOR. OBTAIN AUTHORIZATION FROM BH442.

This course provides credit in conjunction with supervised experience in teaching an undergraduate English course or in editing a departmentally based journal or allied publication at IU-Bloomington. Students may make direct application to faculty members for teaching-internship opportunities; editorial internships are awarded through a competitive process announced each semester. May be repeated once for credit; only 3 credits may count toward the major.

L499 2520 SENIOR INDEPENDENT STUDY FOR HONORS
Ed Comentale
ARR. 2 cr.

REQUIRES THE PERMISSION OF THE ENGLISH DEPARTMENT DIRECTOR OF HONORS. OBTAIN AUTHORIZATION FROM BH 442.

Second Summer Session 2007
W231 PROFESSIONAL WRITING SKILLS
Staff
2541 10:30a-11:20a D (25 students) 3 cr.
2543 12:30p-1:20p D (25 students) 3 cr.

PREREQUISITE: COMPLETION OF THE ENGLISH COMPOSITION REQUIREMENT

Designed to develop research and writing skills requisite for most academic and professional activities. Emphasis on methods of research, organization, and writing techniques useful in preparing reviews, critical bibliographies, research and technical reports, proposals, and papers.

W350 2545 ADVANCED EXPOSITORY WRITING
Kevin Marzahl

10:30a-11:20a D (25 students) 3 cr., IW.

PREREQUISITE: COMPLETION OF THE ENGLISH COMPOSITION REQUIREMENT

TOPIC: "Frames & Focus"

This course offers advanced instruction and workshops in reading and writing complex esays at the busy intersection of language and images. Seminal photographic essays by James Agee and Walker Evans, Dorothea Lange and Paul Taylor, Edward Said and Jean Mohr, Roland Barthes, and others will provide models and occasions for our own writing--with and against the grain--on photography in analytical, argumentative, and autobiographical modes. Bartholomae and Petrosky use the metaphor of cutting with and against the grain to describe the dynamic of "pushing and shoving" texts," as well as the "difficult mix of authority and humility" that arises for strong readers from both "work[ing] inside someone else's system" and "ask [ing] questions they believe might come as a surprise." Students will compile a portfolio of writing on photography that frames ideas in terms of others' texts and brings their own voices into focus.

Texts:
Empire of Signs, Roland Barthes
Ways of Reading: Words and Images, eds. David Bartholomae and Anthony Petrosky

W103 2533 INTRODUCTORY CREATIVE WRITING
Staff
12:30p-1:20p D ( 18 students ) 3 cr.

Introduction to the art of creative writing. Short assignments, independent work, and classroom discussion of the fundamentals of writing fiction, poetry, and drama.

W203 2539 CREATIVE WRITING – FICTION
Staff
1:30p-2:20p D (18 students) 3 cr.
PREREQUISITE: ENGLISH MAJOR OR COMPLETION OF W103 OR CONSENT OF THE DIRECTOR OF CREATIVE WRITING
This exploratory course in poetry and/or fiction is designed for students with basic familiarity of creative writing. Students will read the work of published authors in conjunction with composing and revising original work. A final portfolio of original work is typical of these courses.

W410 2547 INDIANA WRITING WORKSHOP
Staff
ARR 2 cr.

PREREQUISITE: ACCEPTANCE TO THE INDIANA WRITERS’ CONFERENCE

Intensive training in various forms of writing. May be counted as part of the major. May be repeated once for credit.

L202 2505 LITERARY INTERPRETATION
Staff
8:30a-9:20a D (25 students) 3 cr., A&H, IW.

PREREQUISITE: COMPLETION OF THE ENGLISH COMPOSITION REQUIREMENT

evelopment of critical skills essential to participation in the interpretive process. Through class discussion and focused writing assignments, introduces the premises and motives of literary analysis and critical methods associated with historical, generic, and/or cultural concerns.

L204 2510 INTRODUCTION TO FICTION
Romayne Rubinas Dorsey
9:30a-10:20a D (25 students) 3 cr., A&H, IW.

In this Intensive Writing course, we will also do a good deal of intensive reading: of fiction old and new, serious and funny, “popular” and “difficult,” written for a wide range of audiences. Many consider reading for pleasure and reading analytically to be two different activities, but through investigations of plot, character, point of view, symbolism and other narrative elements, we will challenge this opposition, exploring the pleasures of literary interpretation. Students will typically read one novel a week, or one or two short stories each day as well as occasional supplemental critical material; write four essays over the course of the semester, three of which will go through drafting processes where you will give and receive detailed peer critiques of paper drafts; and take two in-class essay exams. I reserve the right to institute regular reading quizzes should discussion reflect a need. All written assignments will be evaluated with close attention to organization and expression as well as to substance and argument. Graded revisions of three of the four course papers is a requirement of the course.

L204 2508 INTRODUCTION TO FICTION
Laura Shackelford
12:30p - 1:20p D ( 25 students ) 3 cr. , A&H, IW.

TOPIC: “Structures of Feeling” in Fiction and other Imagined Communities

This course is centered around short stories and novels that exploit fiction as a “vehicle of emotion,” to use Martha Nussbaum’s term. The selected works of fiction we’re reading both exploit and reflect on fiction’s capacity to construct, evoke, shape, stimulate, circulate and to redirect or regulate feelings within an imagined community of readers and beyond. In the introductory unit of the course, we will consider the different ways in which works of short fiction and novels evoke readers’ emotions (among these strategies plot, point-of view, character, tone, diction, and symbolism are key). In addition to paying close attention to the formal strategies these works of fiction use to engage with feeling, we will go on to consider their explicit engagements with, and reflections on, the topic of feeling as a theme. How do these works of fiction help to construct, re-define, and critique socially acceptable and unacceptable “structures of feeling?” Following a historical trajectory from the early 19 th century to the present, we will consider the ways in which these works of fiction, and the literary movements in which they participate (sentimentalism, modernism, and postmodernism), reproduce and/or challenge socially acceptable, legible “structures of feeling.” In particular, we will examine the ways in which social economies of feeling work to define and to differentiate people according to gender, race, ethnicity, and nationality.

By practicing written literary analysis and explication, we will actively enter into dialogue with the works of fiction, attempting to both understand and critique the “structures of feeling” they evoke and figure. Careful, critical reading of the fiction is essential to your success in this course. It will allow you to actively contribute to, and profit from, lively class discussions and, subsequently, to develop your insights on these works of fiction into clear, coherent, and compelling written analysis. (Please keep in mind that you will be composing approximately twenty-five pages of polished, thought-provoking critical analysis over the course of the semester as this is a COAS intensive writing course). Assignments will include three short literary analysis papers around four-five pages in length, two two-page microthemes, a comprehensive exam, and regular reading quizzes and in-class activities.

Required Texts:
Susanna Rowson, Charlotte Temple
Ernest Hemingway, The Sun Also Rises
Thomas Pynchon, The Crying of Lot 49
Toni Morrison, Love
Ruth Ozeki, My Year of Meats
Selected short stories and critical essays on e-reserve

E301 12032 LITERATURES IN ENGLISH TO 1600
Gina Brandolino

10:30a-11:20a D (30 students) 3 cr., A&H.

This course offers an introduction to important texts and historical and cultural contexts of the literature of England from its beginnings in the late 600s to 1600. It is impossible to cover exhaustively all the important works written in English during this large expanse of time, but we will read selections representative of Anglo-Saxon, Middle English, and Early Modern literature. We will read such relatively unknown but notable works as the first text composed in English and the first book written in English by a woman as well as more familiar texts like The Canterbury Tales and The Faerie Queene. We will explore such themes as religious virtue, representations of the divine, courtly love, the depiction of women, and the shifting qualities of the hero. Most, but not all, of the texts we will read will be translated into Modern English, and particularly when we come to the Middle English period, the language in texts may prove difficult and time-consuming.

Becasue of the accelerated nature of a summer course and the heavy reading load E301 requires, there will be no papers assigned. There will be unannounced reading quizzes as well as a midterm and final exam.

E302 4730 LITERATURES IN ENGLISH 1600-1800
JoEllen DeLucia
1:30p-2:20p D (30 students) 3 cr., A&H.
TOPIC: "Bodies, Boundaries, and 'Blank' Spaces: Mapping Early Modern Literature"
In this survey of literatures in English during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, we will examine how literature shaped and was shaped by the radical transformations of sacred, geographic, and domestic space that occurred during the period. This class will use literature to examine a number of these transformations: the reorganization of the cosmos, the development of transatlantic trade, the colonization of the Americas, the transformation of England into Great Britain in 1707, the relationship between the city and the country, and the redefinition of the private and women’s place within it. Assignments will include weekly quizzes and posts to oncourse, a short paper, and a final exam.

L391 12036 LITERATURE FOR YOUNG ADULTS
Romayne Rubinas Dorsey
11:30a - 12:20 p D (30 students ) 3 cr., A&H.

L391 is an upper division English Literature course designed to introduce adult readers to young adult literature, literature often written for and read by people between 12 and 18 years old. We will read ten to twelve texts from various genres as well supplementary materials, and students will read two additional texts from a selected list for the research paper. As we read this material we will formulate our own definition of young adult literature. Topics we will explore will revolve around the role of literacy and the imagination in adolescent life and development, and will include notions of adolescence and young adulthood; the role of imagination and fantasy in the lives of adolescents and their relationship to literacy both textual and cultural; what it means to be literate in a free society and forms of censorship; and issues of representation concerning age, class, gender, race and sexuality. There will be two course papers, a presentation, weekly discussion prompts, and two course exams on the readings.

Y398 2556 PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE IN ENGLISH
Paul Gutjahr
ARR 1-6 cr.

This course provides academic credit for a supervised, career-related work experience in a cooperating institution, agency, or business. Evaluation is made by the employer and the English Department. Credits do not count toward distribution or English requirements. S/F grading. For details students should consult either the Director of Undergraduate Studies (Ballantine 442A) or the Undergraduate Academic Advisor (Ballantine 442B).

L495 2517 INDIVIDUAL READING IN ENGLISH
Paul Gutjahr
ARR 1-3 cr.

PERMISSION OF THE INSTRUCTOR AND DIRECTOR OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES REQUIRED. OBTAIN AUTHORIZATION FROM BH442.

Under the aegis of this course, a student arranges with a faculty member for a tutorial on a literary subject, author, or group of authors. Ordinarily, teachers are most willing to conduct an independent reading project with a student whom they know from a previous course, and on a topic within their field of expertise. If a student has a project in mind, but no idea about appropriate teachers, she or he can ask the Director of Undergraduate Studies (BH442A) to recommend names of possible teachers.

In undertaking L495, the student and teacher ordinarily agree on a sequence of readings, on a schedule of meetings, and on written assignments. This agreement must be written down on a form available from the Undergraduate Secretary in the English Department (BH442) and returned BEFORE authorization to enroll in the course can be granted.

L498 2519 INTERNSHIP IN ENGLISH
Paul Gutjahr
ARR 1-3 cr.

PREREQUISITES: MAJOR STANDING, 3.0 GPA, AND 12 CREDITS OF ENGLISH AT 200-LEVEL OR ABOVE INCLUDING L202. PRIOR ARRANGEMENT MUST BE MADE WITH A FACULTY MEMBER OR EDITOR. OBTAIN AUTHORIZATION FROM BH442.

This course provides credit in conjunction with supervised experience in teaching an undergraduate English course or in editing a departmentally based journal or allied publication at IU-Bloomington. Students may make direct application to faculty members for teaching-internship opportunities; editorial internships are awarded through a competitive process announced each semester. May be repeated once for credit; only 3 credits may count toward the major.

L499 2521 SENIOR INDEPENDENT STUDY FOR HONORS
Ed Comentale

ARR 2 cr.

REQUIRES THE PERMISSION OF THE ENGLISH DEPARTMENT DIRECTOR OF HONORS. OBTAIN AUTHORIZATION FROM BH 442.

.