This study guide is meant to give you a basic idea of what will be covered on the second exam, to aid in budgeting study time.  You will also need to review your class notes and lab manual to do well on the exam, as well as the reserve readings for the second portion of the course (i.e., forensic anthropology lab on; you don’t need to memorize all the details from these readings, but you should understand the main ideas, and it’s always helpful to have examples such as those given in the readings at hand for free-response questions).   Also remember that I’ve posted the outlines from several of the lecture presentations given after the midterm on our course website, and I encourage you to review those in conjunction with your class notes, because I presented material in class that expands on the brief lab manual introductions.

 The exam will be worth 70 points, and will consist of a mix of objective (multiple choice, fill in the blanks; approximately 25-30 points) and free-response items (short answer, essay; approximately 40-45 points).   It will cover all material from Labs 12-25 – from forensic anthropology through human adaptation – with the exception of statistics.  Below are the sorts of questions you should be able to answer and the kinds of things you should be paying attention to (in addition to the most obvious things; i.e., “palaeoanthropology is the study of human evolution,” etc.).  Lecture outlines are posted for asterisked subjects; electronic reserve readings are available for the topics marked with a +.

+Forensic Anthropology
· What kinds of information is a forensic anthropologist trying to recover from human remains?
· If given a case description of skeletal evidence, you should be able to state what kinds of information would be determinable from the evidence.

*+Demography
· What are the goals of demography and paleodemography, and what kinds of evidence do these fields use to reach their conclusions?
· You should be able to interpret a population pyramid in terms of the demographic transition model (both of these are explained in the lecture outline posted on the web).

+Primate Behavior
· What methods of sampling primate behavior were discussed in the lab, and what are their advantages and drawbacks?  Why are we interested in primate behavior anyway?

*+Primate Locomotion & Hominoids
· Know the anatomical characteristics of the primate locomotor types discussed in class, including representatives of each locomotor type.
· Know the basic characteristics of each ape species discussed in class.
· Review the primate taxonomy provided with the hominoid notes.
 

*+Palaeoanthropology (Hominids)
· Be able to differentiate the major hominids discussed in class and featured in labs (i.e., Neandertals, H. erectus).
· What are the differences between gracile and robust australopithecines, and what adaptive differences might these morphological differences suggest?
· Understand the controversy over the taxonomy of early Homo fossils (one species vs. two and the arguments).
· Describe the trends seen in hominid evolution over time.
· When did the earliest possible hominids live?  When did the earliest probable (widely accepted) hominids live?
· You may be asked to fill in a few blanks on a hominid phylogeny.

+Anthropometry
· Know the types of instruments used to take the various measurements we studied in the lab.
· What are the brachial, crural, and intermembral indices?  How have these been applied?  Alternatively, I might ask what morphological differences are seen in arctic/temperate populations versus tropical populations, and how this might be explained adaptively (this information is found in the anthropometry lab on pg. 162).
· Why else might we want to use anthropometry?

+Diet and Nutrition
· Know the six major nutrients we obtain from food.  Which of these provide the body with energy, and what are the recommended proportions of these nutrients for healthy adults?
· What methods are used to collect dietary information?  Be able to select an appropriate method for a given research situation, and justify your choice.
· Protein, carbohydrates, fats: Know the main points from the lab manual description of these nutrients.

+Growth and Development
· Be able to interpret a plot of a child’s growth pattern.
· What is the difference between growth and development?
· There are two types of malnutrition, overnutrition and undernutrition.  What are the symptoms of each of these?  What specific two undernutrition diseases did we discuss, and what causes them?

*Human Variation: Discrete Traits, Blood Groups, Population Genetics
· What conditions does the Hardy-Weinberg equation assume?
· Know the basics of the ABO and Rh blood group systems – their basis, clinical implications, inheritance.
· Be able to solve Hardy-Weinberg problems – i.e., be able to calculate expected genotype frequencies from hypothetical genotype or allele frequency data and determine whether or not selection is occurring for that trait.  Also, you may be given phenotype data for a simple Mendelian trait and be asked to calculate allele and genotype frequencies.
· You are also responsible for the information on the Genetic Review handout.

*+Dermatoglyphics
· You should be able to identify patterns and obtain ridge counts from fingerprints provided.
· What kinds of applications have there been from dermatoglyphic studies? (The reserve reading will be very helpful here.)

    There won’t be any questions on material from the first 11 labs, although naturally knowledge of that information will help you with later material.  Anything after the midterm is fair game; the topics listed above are the most important things, but you should look for other major points in the lab manual and lecture notes.  I don’t intend for this exam to be excessively difficult, and I try not to ask for picky details, but it is a fairly wide-ranging exam, so naturally you’ll be asked about major details from each topic.  The exam isn’t finished yet, but the topics I expect to emphasize the most (i.e., more questions) include nonhuman primates, palaeoanthropology, and human variation.  There will be problems to solve on the exam, so bring a calculator.  Good luck and happy studying!