Syllabus
ANTHROPOLOGY 3500: FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY AND ARCHAEOLOGY
Fall Semester, 2003
| Instructor: | Susan M. Thurston Myster |
| Teaching Apprentices: | Angela Erickson and Steve Langness |
| Office: | GLC 7S (basement of the GLC) |
| Phone: | (651) 523-2554 |
| E-mail: | smyster@gw.hamline.edu |
| Meeting Times: | Lecture/Discussion: MWF, 10:20 – 11:20 am; GLC 6S |
| Final Exam (tentative): | Tuesday, December 16, 10:00 am – 12:00 pm |
| Open Lab: | Evenings: open lab night to be determined |
| Office Hours: | Sue: Tuesday, 11:30 am - 1:00 pm; |
I. Introduction to the Course
Forensic Anthropology has traditionally been viewed as an applied subfield within the Anthropology subdiscipline of Biological Anthropology. Within this context, Forensic Anthropologists have applied osteological techniques to aid in the analysis of significantly decomposed or skeletonized remains known or suspected of being human with the primary objectives of identifying unknown individuals and providing information to conclude the cause and manner of death. In this class the scope of forensic anthropology will be much broader, recognizing that practicing forensic anthropologists provide services beyond that leading to personal identification and cause and manner of death.
Forensic Anthropology is more accurately viewed as an applied subfield within the discipline of Anthropology and is most reliant on the knowledge, theories, methods, and techniques of the subdisciplines of Biological Anthropology and Archaeology. Recognizing this, our scope will be broad in both subject matter and the many contexts this field contributes to. We will broaden the definition of Forensic Anthropology to include the application of osteological and archaeological techniques to aid in the location of human remains and associated evidence, recovery of all remains and physical evidence from a scene, and the analysis and interpretation of the scene context and recovered remains in order to reconstruct the events that occurred on-scene, and contribute information that may lead to personal identification and determination of cause and manner of death. The location and recovery processes involve the archaeological methods of reconnaissance, ground-proofing, and surface collection and/or excavation. The identification process seeks to provide information such as the initial recognition of skeletonized remains as human and beyond that the determination of age-at-death, sex, stature, ancestry, and any other characteristics that may lead to a positive identification. The determination of cause and manner of death is based on the interpretation of skeletal expressions of traumatic injury and disease processes.
There are many contexts in which human remains are located and recovered from (e.g., single and mass clandestine graves; land, water, and fire scenes; ancient and contemporary time periods) and result from a variety of circumstances including war (the recovery and identification of American military personnel unaccounted for), genocide (Argentina, Kosovo, Rwanda), mass fatality incidents (air crashes, terrorism), accidental disturbance of ancient and historic burials, and, dare we say, simple homicide. Sometimes our expertise is used to reinterpret historic events by applying new technology and methods of analysis (i.e., Battle of Little Big Horn, identification of Tsar Nicholas Romanov and his family). Regardless of the context of our involvement, forensic anthropologists are members of a multidisciplinary team and, as such, work closely with forensic experts in numerous fields including, crime scene investigators, forensic odontologists, forensic pathologists, forensic entomologists, trace evidence examiners, and firearms and tool marks examiners.
This course will explore the role and contribution of anthropologists in forensic death investigations from the dual perspectives of anthropology and forensic science. Since Forensic Anthropology is ultimately grounded in archaeology and biological anthropology, we will incorporate and focus on the seven principles defined by the Society for American Archaeology (www.saa.org) as central to teaching and practicing archaeology, even forensic anthropology, in the 21st century:
Stewardship: Refers to the understanding that archaeological resources and, in the context of this class, crime scenes are finite resources/entities. Once excavated/investigated, they are destroyed and therefore must be thoroughly documented. The documentation and information learned through the evaluation of the site/scene is used to reconstruct, interpret, and explain human behavior and must be curated in such a way as to be available to others. Further, damage to sites/scenes resources due to vandalism or poor recovery results in unrecoverable information and negatively impacts the quality of future interpretations.
Diverse Interests: This principle refers to the awareness of the many groups that have a vested interest in the interpretation of archaeological resources, including crime scenes. Stakeholders in sites in the forensic context include families, victims, suspects, law enforcement, and prosecution and defense attorneys.
Social Relevance: The importance of framing archaeology as socially relevant and conveying why and how it is relevant to the issues we face today is another important principle. To explore this principle we will discuss how forensic anthropology is directly relevant to the concerns of public policy and law.
Professional Ethics and Values: This principle is fundamental to the practices of forensic anthropologists. Our important role in the criminal justice system, the reliance on “human subjects” for the development and testing of our techniques, and the potential consequences of our work on the very lives and liberty of living individuals requires a strong commitment to ethical conduct.
Oral and Written Communication: Forensic Anthropologists must develop skills to communicate their methods and findings to diverse interest groups, including families, juries, fellow anthropologists, law enforcement personnel, and attorneys. In forensic anthropology, this is commonly done through submitted written reports, oral depositions, expert testimony, training seminars, and talks to the general public.
Basic Archaeological Skills: Students pursuing a career in forensic anthropology must gain proficiency in a number of cognitive and technical skills, including excavation, analysis, report writing, and curation. We will add to this list the necessity of acquiring osteological skills, including the identification and analysis of human remains.
Real-World Problem-Solving: This principle emphasizes the importance of students learning to apply the knowledge and skills they learn to “real-world” problems. In this class, this will be accomplished by providing you with the opportunity to apply all that you have learned during an analysis of a donated forensic case. Additionally, an exploration of the many contexts in which forensic anthropologists consult will highlight the focus of forensic anthropology on “real-world problem-solving”.
II. Course Objectives
1) To explore the roles and responsibilities of forensic anthropologists in death investigations. For the various roles we will explore, you should be able to:
- Describe the many responsibilities of a forensic anthropologist within the criminal justice system.
- Define the many situations human remains are found in that warrant the involvement of a forensic anthropologist and illustrate the role(s) of a forensic anthropologist in each context.
- Identify cultural resource laws that rely, in part, on forensic anthropologists for enforcement purposes and describe their contributions to the enforcement of these laws.
- Identify key legislation that defines criteria for admissibility of evidence and qualifications for forensic experts and discuss the impact each has had on the practice of Forensic Anthropology.
- Evaluate and critique the expert testimony of forensic anthropologists in several court cases and propose criteria for effective expert witness testimony.
2) To learn and practice the basic skills used by forensic anthropologists in general and specifically those applied during: a) the location and recovery of human remains and associated physical evidence, b) the process of crime scene documentation, c) the analysis of skeletonized human remains, d) the written and oral presentation of the results and interpretations of the case analysis, and e) the application of forensic anthropology to cases involving violation of cultural resource laws, treaty rights, and historic and ancient human remains. Throughout the semester, you should be able to:
- Demonstrate your ability to participate in the organization a crime scene team and a systematic search for human remains.
- Demonstrate thorough documentation of the crime scene investigation of an outdoor scene with human skeletal remains and associated physical evidence.
- Write an organized and complete summary of the crime scene investigation
- Identify and determine side of complete and fragmentary human bones, and recognize various skeletal features and landmarks.
- Apply the appropriate techniques to determine the sex, age-at-death, ancestry, and living stature of human skeletal remains.
- To evaluate the scientific foundation and reliability of the techniques commonly applied during the analysis of human remains.
- Work in teams to analyze your assigned forensic case.
- Write a joint report summarizing the nature of the case, techniques applied, results of analysis, and final conclusions/interpretations of your assigned forensic case.
- Present a joint oral summary of your case to the class and provide effective expert testimony during the cross examination of a specific aspect of your results and interpretations by “opposing counsel”.
3) To assess and evaluate the codes of ethical conduct established by relevant professional anthropological and forensic science associations (scientific foundation of techniques, qualifications, and expert testimony). By the end of the semester you should be able to:
- Identify the various “stakeholders” that have a vested interest in any forensic case and your involvement in the case as a forensic anthropologist, the basis of their interest, and any “agenda” they may have relative to the case.
- Compare and contrast the ethical guidelines adopted by the different professional associations and identify specific points of concurrence and contradiction.
- Propose draft guidelines for the ethical conduct of forensic anthropologists.
- Discuss/debate what you feel are the necessary professional qualifications of a practicing forensic anthropologist.
III. Required Books/Readings
Introduction
to Forensic Anthropology, Steven N. Byers (2002).
* Referred to as Byers in Part IV: Lecture/Discussion/Speaker
Schedule of the syllabus
The
Anatomy and Biology of the Human Skeleton by D. Gentry Steele and
Claud A. Bramblett (1988).
* Referred to as S & B in Part IV: Lecture/Discussion/Speaker
Schedule of the syllabus
Anthropology 3500 Laboratory Manual, Forensic Anthropology: Skeletal
Elements and Features Outline and Skeletal Methods of Analysis (compiled
by Myster; available for purchase at Englewood Printing after September
22)
* Referred to as Lab Manual in Part IV: Lecture/Discussion/Speaker
Schedule of the syllabus
Highly Recommended (especially for those of you planning to pursue a career in Biological Anthropology):
Human
Osteology by Tim D.White and Pieter A.Folkens (1991).
* An excellent osteology book
Gray’s Anatomy by C. M. Goss (1973).
Human
Skeletal Remains: Excavation, Analysis, Interpretation by Douglas
H. Ubelaker (1989).
(Consider ordering from Taraxcum Press; we can
put in a bulk order through the Hamline bookstore)
* This book is an invaluable resource for those who have plans to
continue their education in
Forensic Anthropology and Biological Anthropology
Forensic Anthropology Training Manual by Karen Ramey Burns (1999).
Forensic
Osteology (2nd ed.) by Kathleen J. Reichs (1999).
* An edited book
with good chapters by various forensic anthropologists on a variety of
topics relevant to forensic anthropology
IV. Course Format/Requirements and Grading Procedures
Format: Throughout the semester we will meet three times a week, three - 60 minute lecture/discussion periods and one 3 - hour laboratory session. All of our class meetings will consist of a mixture of lecture, discussion, guest speakers, and hands-on laboratory experience, on related aspects of death investigation. Additionally, we will make use of videos and slides throughout the course to expand, illustrate and illuminate lectures. To get the most out of the lectures and speakers, as well as to facilitate interesting and relevant discussions, assigned readings should be read before the day for which they are listed. Attendance at all class meetings is strongly recommended; laboratory exercises and projects draw heavily on lecture material and discussions of the readings. Class participation and attendance will be considered in the determination of your final grade.
Note: Class will start at 10:20 am on MWF and lab at 1:40 pm on Monday; please do not make it a habit to walk in late. People who arrive late disrupt the concentration of the class and myself; consistent tardiness will not be tolerated.
Course Requirements:
| Bone identification quizzes | ||
| 3 @ 50 points each | 150 |
|
| Lab reports (5 points each) | 25 |
|
| Mapping | ||
| Sex determination | ||
| Age-at-death | ||
| Stature estimation | ||
| Race determination | ||
| * The lab reports will be graded as: | ||
| Ö+ (5 points) | ||
| Ö (3 points) | ||
| Ö- (0 points; resubmission required) | ||
| Projects | ||
| Crime Scene Investigation | 50 |
|
| Forensic Odontology | 50 |
|
| Forensic report on skeletal case | 100 |
|
| Oral presentation of forensic report and expert witness testimony | 50 |
|
| Final Exam (tentative) | 100 |
|
| Total Points Possible | 525 |
|
Grades
| A | 93 - 100% | B- | 80 - 82% | D+ | 67 - 68% |
| A- | 90 - 92% | C+ | 77 - 79% | D | 63 - 66% |
| B+ | 87 - 89% | C | 73 - 77% | D- | 60 - 62% |
| B | 83 - 86% | C- | 70 - 72% | F | 59% and less |
** Incompletes will not be given except as a result of a medical and/or psychological condition that is documented either with the proverbial "note from your doctor" or from an appropriate office within the university.
How to Succeed in This Class
- Keep up with the readings
- Attend class and laboratory sessions consistently
- Ask questions about readings, assignments, requirements
- Communicate with Sue, Angie, and/or Steve about our expectations of you, any problems you are having, your frustrations, your successes, and for clarification of anything!
V. Lecture/Discussion/Speaker Schedule
W Sept. 3
Introduction to course: Summary of course content and learning objectives, requirements and expectationsUNIT I: THE SCOPE OF FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY
F Sept. 5
Video: Scene of the Crime: Tooth 18 (the Learning Channel; 49 minutes)
Chronicles the 1998 abduction and murder of Kathlyn Poirier and the resulting investigation. Highlights the multi-agency investigation and multidisciplinary analysis of recovered evidence.
Focus: the different forensic science disciplines involved in the case and how the information they can provide integrate to assist in the reconstruction of the events of the crime, as well as the types of information forensic anthropology and forensic odontology can provide from the analysis of human remainsM Sept. 8
Forensic Anthropology: Introduction to, as Anthropology, as a Forensic Science
Read: Byers: Preface, Ch. 1Laboratory Session 1: Power Point presentation, Forensic Anthropology: Roles and Responsibipties in the Criminal Justice System
Read: Galloway et al. 1990
Project: Introduction to crime scene documentation: diagramming and photography.
Due: Map and completed paperwork due Wednesday, Sept. 10UNIT II: FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY AND THE CRIME SCENE
W Sept. 10
The Role of Archaeology in Forensic Anthropology: Location, Documentation, and Recovery
Read: Dirkmaat and Adovasio (1997)F Sept. 12
Crime Scene Investigation: Recovery Protocol
Read: Byers, Ch. 4
*Laboratory Preparation: Team assignments, equipment, formsM Sept. 15
Team organization, introduction to crime scene simulation, and explanation of assignment and report submissionLaboratory Session 2: Location, Documentation, and Recovery in an Outdoor Setting
Due: Wednesday, September 24, at the beginning of classW Sept. 17
Forensic Archaeology: Site/Scene Location
Read: Morse et al. (1983), Ch. 1; Renfrew (1996), pp. 85-97; review pertinent section in Byers, Ch. 4F Sept. 19
Forensic Archaeology: Context, Taphonomy, and Reconstruction
Read: Scott and Connor, 1997
Video: Secrets of the Little Bighorn (27 minutes)M Sept. 22
Forensic Archaeology: Context, Taphonomy, and Reconstruction
Read: Ubelaker 1997Laboratory Session 3: Technology and Forensic Anthropology
Activity: Attend demonstration of Sokia Total Station, a technique used for mapping scenes, and map production using CAD software
Instructor: Sergeant Kipp Carver, Hennepin County Sheriff’s Crime LabPART III: HUMAN OSTEOLOGY AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
W Sept. 24
Methods of Human Identification
Read: Fierro, 1993 (this is a long chapter, so start early!)F Sept. 26
Skeletal System/Anatomical Terminology
Levels of Observation: gross, microscopic, cellular, biochemical
Read: Byers, Ch. 2; S & B, Ch. 1; Lab Manual, pp. 1-7M Sept. 29
Osteology: Bones of the cranium
Focus: frontal, parietal
Read: S & B: pp. 20 – 33; Lab Manual, pp.11-14Laboratory Session 4: Osteology
Focus: temporal, occipital, maxilla, mandible, zygomatic, nasal, auditory ossicles
Read: S & B, pp. 34 – 36, 40-44, 46, 50-51; Lab Manual, pp. 15-18, 23, 25-27, 29-30W Oct. 1
Osteology: Bones of the cranium
Focus: sphenoid, ethmoid, vomer,
Read: S & B, pp.37 – 40, 49; Lab Manual, pp. 19-21, 29F Oct. 3
Osteology: Bones of the cranium
Focus: lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal conchae, hyoid
Read: S & B, pp.45, 47-48, 52; Lab Manual, 22, 24, 27-28, 31M Oct. 6
Osteology: Innominate
Read: S & B, pp. 190-196; Lab Manual, pp. 9-10Laboratory Session 5: Species Recognition: Human vs. Nonhuman
Bone Biology: Microstructure and Histology
Read: S&B, Ch. 2; Byers, Ch. 3 (pp. 57-71); Ubelaker 1989:44-52; Chilvarquer et al. 1987W Oct. 8
Protocol for Initial Treatment and Examination: Preparation, Organization, and Inventory
Read: Byers, Ch. 6; Lab Manual, pp.
** Case Assignments**
Note: Meet in DSC 19F Oct. 10
Odontology: Dentition
Read: S & B, pp. 70-96*** Innocence Project of Minnesota Fund-raising Ball: Jazz for Justice ***
Saturday, October 11, 7:00 pm - midnight; Hyatt Regency Hotel, Minneapops.M Oct. 13
Quiz 1: Innominate and CraniumLaboratory Session 6: Estimation of Sex
Read: Byers, Ch. 8; S & B: pp. 53-56, 100-101, 130-132, 148-149, 163-164, 186-187, 197-204, 226-227, 259-261
Additional source of information: Ubelaker, pp. 52-60
Review: Lab Manual: Sex Determination data form, illustrations of sexually dimorphic features
Assignment: Determine the sex of the individual(s) represented by your assigned case and one other individual by applying the techniques discussed in class. Fill out the data form for each case as thoroughly as possible, including the comments section and write a paragraph summarizing your conclusion and the methods you appped. Refer to Assignment sheet for further information.
Due: Monday, October 20; turn in at the beginning of the lab periodW Oct. 15
Osteology: Femur, Tibia, and Patella
Read: S & B: 216-224F Oct. 17
Osteology: Fibula, Tarsals
Read: S & B: 225, 243-252M Oct. 20
Osteology: Metatarsals, Phalanges
Read: S & B: 252-258Laboratory Session 7: Estimation of Stature
Read: Byers, Ch. 10; S & B, pp. 165-170, 187, 236-239; Ousley
Review: Trotter and Gleser’s stature estimation formulae page and Postcranial Measurements data form in the lab manual
Demonstration: FORDISC 2.0
Assignment: Measure each long bone of your assigned case and estimate the living stature of your assigned case using FORDISC 2.0 (on computers in GLC 6S and DSC 19). Refer to Assignment sheet for further information.
Due: Monday, October 27; turn completed Postcranial Measurements form, FORDISC results, and a written summary of your final stature estimate at the beginning of the lab periodW Oct. 22
Osteology: Vertebral Column: Overview, Cervical and Thoracic Vertebrae
Read: S & B, pp. 111-124F Oct. 24
No Class: Midterm Break!M Oct. 27
Osteology: Vertebral Column: Lumbar Vertebrae, Sacrum, and Coccyx
Read: S & B, pp. 125-131Laboratory Session 8: Determination of Adult Age-at-Death: Pubic Symphyses, Cranial Sutures, Ribs, Auricular Surface
Read: Byers, Ch. 9; S & B, pp. 56-58, 132-134, 149-151, 164-165, 204-213, 228, 261
** Primary references for each technique will be on Reserve at Bush pbrary and in lab
Review: Lab Manual, Adult Age Determination form, pubic symphysis and auricular surface aging pages in packet
Additional Source of Information: Ubelaker, pp. 63, 74-95 (a summary with many good resource charts)
Assignment: Determine the age-at-death of your assigned case and one other individual using the techniques introduced in class. Fill out the Age Determination data form for each case as thoroughly as possible, including the comments section and write a paragraph summarizing your conclusion and the methods you appped. Refer to Assignment sheet for further information.
Due: Monday, November 3
Osteology: Ribs
Read: S&B,138-142W Oct. 29
Time Since Death: Determining Postmortem Interval
Read: Sledzik 1998; Love and Marks 2003F Oct. 31
Quiz 2: Femur, Tibia, Patella, Fibula, Feet, Vertebral Column, Dentition Wear your costume!M Nov. 3
Osteology: Arm: Humerus, Ulna
Read: S & B,153-160Laboratory Session 9: Fetal, Neonate, and Subadult Remains: Inventory, Age-at-Death, Estimation of Sex, Health Status
Read: Schutkowski, 1993; Ubelaker, 1989 (pp. 63-75)
Review: Lab Manual, Subadult Age Determination form, dental eruption, long bone length, and epiphyseal union tables in packet
Power Point presentation: A Multi-discippnary Approach to Evaluate Chronic Malnutrition during Childhood in a Case of Suspected Child Abuse
Assignment: See assignment sheet
Osteology: Radius, Hand, Deciduous Dentition
Read: S & B: pp. 160-163; 97-100W Nov. 5
Osteology: Pectoral Girdle: Scapula, Clavicle
Read: S & B: pp. 144-148F Nov. 7
Osteology: Thorax: Ribs and Sternum
Read: S & B: pp. 138-144M Nov. 10
Summary of Findings: Report Writing
Read: Byers, 413-416
Examples of forensic anthropology reports written by different practicing forensic anthropologists will be available in the lab for you to look at.Laboratory Session 10: Forensic Odontology: Charting, Comparison of Ante- and Postmortem X-Rays
Guest Speaker: Dr. Ed Bick, DDS
Read: Byers, pp. 397-408
Review: Lab Manual, Antemortem and Postmortem Dental Records and the dentition numbering pages
Assignment: Chart dentition of three individuals and compare to a series of antemortem dental x-raysto conclude one of following: positive identification, probable identification, inconclusive, or exclusion. Turn in completed Antemortem and Postmortem Dental Record forms and a written summary of your conclusions. Refer to Assignment sheet for further information.
Due: Monday, November 17W Nov. 12
Commingling and Incineration
Read: Ubelaker, 2002; Swegle and Buikstra, 1989F Nov. 14
Quiz 3: Scapula, clavicle, sternum, humerus, ulna, radius, hand,M Nov. 17
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA)
Databases in Forensic Anthropology
Read: Excerpt from FORDISC 2.0; NAGPRA reading to be announcedLaboratory Session 11: Determination of Ancestry: Metrics and Morphology
Read: Byers, Ch. 7; Gill and Gilbert (1990) [* Read Gill and Gilbert (1990) first!]
Demonstration: FORDISC 2.0 (computer demonstration)
Assignment: Apply the techniques used to assess ancestry to your assigned case and one other individual. Fill out the data forms as completely as possible, including the comments section. Write a paragraph summarizing the methods you appped and your conclusions. Refer to Assignment sheet for further information.
Due: Monday, November 10W Nov. 19
Cause and Manner of Death I: Interpretation of traumatic injury and pathology
Read: Byers Ch. 11; Galloway et al. 1999F Nov. 21
Cause and Manner of Death II: Interpretation of Traumatic Injury and Pathology
Focus: Projectile and Blunt Force Trauma
Read: Berryman and Symes 1998; Byers, Ch. 12, 13M Nov. 24
Cause and Manner of Death III: Interpretation of Traumatic Injury and Pathology
Focus: Sharp-force trauma
Case Study: Anasazi Cannibapsm
Read: Symes et al. 1998; Byers, Ch. 14
Suggested: Hurlbut 2000Laboratory Session 12: Cause and Manner of Death: The Interpretation of Skeletal Trauma and Disease Processes
Guest Speaker: Marcia Regan, Ph.D. “Death and Reverence in Prehistoric Minnesota
Activities: Observe examples of traumatic injuries and pathologies
Assignment: Describe and interpret two examples of traumatic injury and/or pathology.
Due: At the end of the lab period; refer to assignment sheet for further information about the assignmentW Nov. 26
Anasazi Cannibalism: Fact or Fiction
Video: Cannibalism in the Canyon (60 minutes)F Nov. 28 No Class! Happy Thanksgiving!
UNIT IV: BROAD CONTEXTUAL APPLICATIONS AND ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITIES
M Dec. 1
Forensic Anthropology and the Protection of Archaeological Resources: Relevant Legislation; Site Disturbance, Trafficking of Artifacts and Human Remains; Treaty Negotiations
Read: Adovasio et al. 1991; Cleland 2000W Dec. 3
The Role of Forensic Anthropology in Human Rights Investigations
Read: Burns, 1999 (Ch. 15); Haglund, 2002
Video: Crime Science: Silent WitnessLaboratory Session 13: Work on your cases
F Dec. 5
Evaluation of Osteological Methods of Analysis: Samples, Accuracy, and Experience
Class Discussion: the scientific foundation and accuracy of osteological methods
Read: Articles on sex, age-at-death, stature, and race to be assigned per group; refer to assignment sheet for further information.M Dec. 8
Bringing Them Home: Location and Recovery of the Unaccounted for Central Identification Laboratory
Read: Grant and Smith 1997; Holland and Mann 1996
Video: The New Detectives: Soldiers’ StoriesW Dec. 10
Ethics: Responsibilities, Qualifications, and Expert Testimony
Read: Byers, pp. 416; Wetp, 1989; Ethics Statements/Codes: American Academy of Forensic Sciences, American Association of Physical Anthropology, Society for American Archaeology
Review: Galloway et al., 1990:48-55
Video: Expert Witness clipsF Dec. 12
Future of Forensic Anthropology
Reserve Readings: See Bibliography