THE SOUTHWEST REGION: 
THE MOGOLLON AND MIMBRES 
(MODULE 15C)
	Read:	Fagan (2000:286-287; 339-340)

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	A.	To the north and east of the Hohokam, other prehistoric Southwestern peoples
		—the Mogollon, Mimbres and Anasazi peoples of the ancient Southwest—developed their own cultural traditions distinct from, but having some relations with the Hohokam. 
		

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	B.	As discussed earlier, two archaeological traditions emerge within the Southwest Archaic:
		1.	Cochise ancestral to:
			a.	Hohokam (discussed elsewhere)
			b.	Mimbres (to be discussed below)

			And the:

		2.	Oshara (following Cynthia Irwin Williams) as having been ancestral to:
			a.	Basketmaker?
			b.	Anasazi

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	C.	The first to be discussed here that arose out of the Southwest Archaic Cochise Culture will be that of the Mogollon.

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Map highlighting location of Mogollon (modified from Thomas (1999:90 map)

	D.	The Mogollon Tradition:
		1.	Location:
			a.	Mogollon Highlands (or Mogollon Mountains)
			b.	Central Arizona stretching into west-central New Mexico
		2.	Cochise Culture:
			a.	ca. 350 B.C.-A.D. 250
			b.	Sites at:
				(1)	Tularosa Cave
				(2)	Bat Cave
			c.	ca. 350 B.C. transition occurs, bringing an ultimate emphasis upon horticulture
			d.	Hunting and gathering were still important
			e.	Sites are small, with randomly arranged pithouse settlements
			f.	Tools emphasize chopping and pounding (apparently of primarily wild staples)
			g.	Toward end of period, pithouses become more like later kiva types
			h.	Thus, between 350 B.C. and A.D. 250:
				(1)	Gardening and pottery present
				(2)	These Mexican elements set the trend for subsequent sedentary life.

	E.	The Mogollon Cultural Phase Periodization includes
		1.	Mogollon 1 (ca. A.D. 250-)
		2.	Mogollon 2 (ca. -A.D. 650)
		3.	Mogollon 3 (ca. A.D. 650-850)
		4.	Mogollon 4 (ca. A.D. 850-1000)
		5.	Mogollon 5 (ca. A.D. 1000-1450)

		6.	Mogollon 1 and 2:
			a.	Phases lumped together
			b.	ca. A.D. 250-650
			c.	Pithouses during these phases become substantial
			d.	Settlement:
				(1)	Villages average six houses
				(2)	Located primarily in potentially defensible locations
				(3)	Preferred locations were mesas and heights
				(4)	Defensiveness may reflect disruption by sedentary villagers by remaining 
					hunting-and-gathering groups
			e.	After A.D. 500:
				(1)	House size becomes smaller
				(2)	Probably reflecting shift in social organization from extended to nuclear family units
			f.	But (?):
				(1)	In Mimbres area of New Mexico	
					(a)	Defensible locations shift to valley (i.e., non-defensible) locations
					(b)	Shift toward wild food staples
				(2)	Social integrative mechanisms may have failed (?)

		7.	Mogollon 3:
			a.	ca. A.D. 650-850
			b.	Population on an upswing
			c.	Earlier defensive locations are abandoned
			d.	House forms change:
				(1)	Becoming more rectangular
				(2)	Great Kivas (ritual structures having a sipapu) become formalized and are firmly 
					part of the cultural tradition
			e.	Increase in non-utilitarian artifacts
			f.	Village clustering suggests emergence of intervillage integration

		8.	Mogollon 4:
			a.	ca. A.D. 850-1000
			b.	Basically a continuation of Mogollon 3
			c.	Masonry increasingly used to line pithouse walls
			d.	Black-on-white geometric pottery appears reminiscent of that of the Anasazi.

		9.	Mogollon 5:
			a.	ca. A.D. 1000-1450
			b.	Pithouse residences replaced by above-ground Anasazi-type masonry structures
			c.	By 1200s pueblos had several hundred rooms
			d.	Kivas remain square, but resemble Anasazi ones
			e.	Ceramics are now dominated by:
				(1)	Black-on-white wares (geometric designs)
				(2)	Polychrome wares (geometric designs)
				(3)	Corrugated wares
			f.	Mimbres Phase:
				(1)	Sometimes called Classic Mimbres
				(2)	ca. A.D. 1050-1150/1250
				(3)	Produces pottery breaking away from geometric to become more narrative in quality
				(4)	Pottery placed in burials beneath floors
				(5)	Mimbres "collapse":
					(a)	Controversial
					(b)	Some suggest Mimbres florescence was tied to the affairs of Casas 
						Grandes in Chihuahua (not to be confused with the Casa Grande site in Arizona)
					(c)	Discuss turquoise trade hypothesis
			g.	By 1450s the Mogollon Highlands are abandoned
				(1)	Clustering shifts to other locations
				(2)	Pueblos emerge that will persist to the present day:
					(a)	Zuni
					(b)	Acoma
					(c)	Hopi

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	F.	Terms related to discussion of THE SOUTHWEST REGION: THE MOGOLLON AND MIMBRES:
		1.	Mogollon Culture:
		2.	The kiva: definition? significance? origins?
		3.	Mogollon tradition: where? main cultural transformations?
		4.	Mimbres: where? when? significance?
		5.	Mimbres pottery: description? significance? possible functions?
		6.	Mogollon geographical distribution
		7.	Mogollon architectural development
		8.	Pit houses
		9.	Sipapu
		10.	Mogollon art: technology, style, and iconography
		11.	Mimbres culture
		12.	Mimbres art: technology, style, and iconography
		13.	Mogollon and Mimbres external ("foreign") contacts
		14.	Mogollon abandonment? Suggestions about why?
		15.	Classic Mimbres: characterize it
		16.	Mimbres Classic pottery: describe and indicate why it is radically different from other Southwestern forms.
		17.	Classic Mimbres collapse: what "collapses"?
		18.	Classic Mimbres collapse:various ways of understanding this
		19.	The ancient turquoise trade:describe and suggest implications
		20.	Mimbres and Casas Grandes site (in Mexico): suggested relationships?

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