ETHICAL DILEMMAS IN NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY - 
EMICS AND ETICS ("OURS" AND "THEIRS"?) - AND CRM? 
(MODULE 18)

	Read:	Fagan (200-  the preface! That's right! [at least for starters])

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	A.	Hopefully, the previous discussions in this class have helped to sensitize us to the nature of, and extent of, the richness of the 
		North American archaeological record, as well as to the fact that it is endangered!
		1.	This should have been emerging throughout the semester as we touched upon various areas in North America.
		2.	Therefore, the following should be more of a wrap-up, rather than  introduction of much that is new.

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	B.	A number of issues remain to be addressed/resolved:
		1.	What is the current status of the archaeological resource base?
		2.	Where archaeological resources are threatened:
			a.	What is the nature of the threat?
			b.	What is the source of the threat?
			c.	How destructive has this threat been?
			d.	Who perceives the reality of the threat?
			e.	What measures have been/are being taken to address such threats?
				(1)	Legislative
					(a)	Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA)
					(b)	National Historic Preservation Act
					(c)	Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA)
				(2)	Structural/Occupational
					(a)	CRM (entire field developed to address managing archaeological resources)
					(b)	"Contract Archaeology"
					(c)	"Salvage Archaeology"
		3.	What are the basic ethical considerations archaeologists in general must address?
		4.	What ethical questions are most relevant to archaeologists working specifically in North America?
			a.	Several organized ethical responses:
				(1)	Eight SAA Principles of Archeological Practice
				(2)	MATRIX Principles (as found in this class and mentioned throughout the semester)
				(3)	Register of Professional Archaeologists (ROPA) and the Code of Ethics and Standards of Research Performance
		5.	What are the perspectives that impinge upon our considerations of ethics vis-a-vis North American 
			archaeology (and archaeologists)?
		6.	Put another way: Who are the concerned parties and what are their concerns (i.e. "vested interests")?
			a.	Archaeologists and "the archaeological community"
			b.	Native American peoples?
			c.	The general mainstream public?
			d.	Governments: from local to national—and maybe even—international and transnational)?
			e.	Private collectors?
			f.	Institutional and "public" collectors?
		7.	How have the interested parties listed above interacted?
			a.	What has been the nature of disputes involving archaeology?
			b.	What approaches have been taken to resolve such disputes?
			c.	What measures can be taken to avoid such future disputes?

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	C.	Some of the above considerations beg that we — anthropologists and archaeologists — should do more cultural 
		anthropology!:
		1.	The "Culture of anthropologists and archaeologists":
			a.	To see how the "culture of archaeologists" interacts with the world
			b.	To assist non-archaeologists (who have vested interests in archaeological materials and 
				information)
				(1)	To understand archaeologists and
				(2)	To provide them with access to their
					(a)	Data
					(b)	Information, and, in some cases,
					(c)	Archaeological materials
			c.	Emics of archaeologists vis-a-vis their intra-disciplinary relationships
				(1)	To enable non-archaeological anthropologists to understand them
				(2)	To assist archaeologists in understanding non-archaeological anthropologists venues 
					and mandates
			d.	How archaeologists' etic understandings of the significance of their data affects the ways others 
				perceive of them (in particular how the archaeological approach is ethically perceived by others 
				such as Native Americans).
		2.	The "Culture of Educators":
			a.	To enable archaeologists and anthropologists to better understand how educators in primary 
				schools interact, the nature of the resources and language they employ in the education process
		3.	The "Culture of Museologists":
			a.	What is their constituency and mandate?
		4.	The "Culture of Private Collectors":
			a.	What in American (and other) cultures promotes the acquisition and exchange of artifacts?
			b.	Are there ways to "mutualize" the agenda of private collectors with those of archaeologists?
		5.	The "Emics of Indigenous Material Culture":
			a.	How do native peoples perceive of the archaeological record?
			b.	Are there ways to "mutualize" their agenda with those of archaeologists?

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	D.	Terms related to discussion of ETHICAL DILEMMAS IN NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY ç 
		EMICS AND ETICS ("OURS" AND "THEIRS"?) ç AND CRM?:
		1.	CRM: stands for? meaning and issues?
		2.	NAGPRA: refers to? Significance?
		3.	National Historic Preservation Act
		4.	Archaeological Resources Protection Act
		5.	Eight SAA Principles of Archeological Practice: refers to? Significance?
		6.	ROPA: refers to? Significance?
		7.	Register of Professional Archaeologists (ROPA) Code of Ethics and Standards of Research Performance: 
			refers to? Significance?
		8.	"Contract Archaeology": meaning? as response to what?
		9.	"Salvage Archaeology": meaning?
		10.	Archaeological "Mitigation": meaning
		11.	"Repatriation": meaning and implications
		12.	Reburial: meaning and implications

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