EXAM #1
ANSWER ALL FOUR in well-organized essays (with proper anthropological citations and bibliography if necessary, though if you only use your required texts you can choose not to include bibliography, only citations of page numbers for specifics and quotes). Use information from readings, lectures, discussions, and audiovisual presentations. Be sure to note how/why interpretive frameworks differ from different sources . It is not required that additional readings be consulted to answer the questions, but you may wish to do so to enhance the quality of your answers. Exam papers must been in acceptable college format, typed, double-spaced, no more than 10-12 pages total. These are short essays. You cannot cram everything into them, so just hit the essential points . Doing a good job means you know what material is significant in general, and can add a few specific examples! 25 points each.
Due Thurs 6 Feb. LATE EXAM PAPERS WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED.
1. Describe the material record of the earliest people in South America. What has been the traditional view of the subsistence patterns and lifeways of these earliest inhabitants, and how has this changed lately? Mention specific dates, sites, artifacts, climate, migration routes, researchers, and controversies.
2. What changes in adaptations occur in post-Pleistocene South America? Describe different environments, subsistence systems, site types, important artifact types, and specific sites and dates. Discuss the evolution of cultural complexity in South American prehistory. How can we see social organization in the ground?
3. Explain the importance of maize and manioc in South American prehistory. Which was domesticated first, and where, how, and why? Discuss models of human use of these two crops and how they fit into different cultural adaptations over the continent. What is the Maritime Hypothesis for the foundations of civilization?
4. Describe, evaluate, and compare at least 2 websites you have found on archaeological sites or projects pertaining to these early time periods in South America (from Paleo-Indian through Preceramic/early agriculture). Who are the authors and targeted audience for the websites? What public archaeology content do they have (if any) and what biases do you detect?