Spain, Moscow, Waterloo

Revolution, Empire, and the Making of Modern Europe

Background Reading
Censer and Hunt, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, pp. 139-170.

Discussion: 30 Nov. 2007, Ancients and Moderns
Benjamin Constant, Liberty of the Ancients Compared with that of the Moderns (1816)--extracts; if you are interested, the full text is available here

OPTIONAL Emmanuel, comte de Las Cases, Memorial of Saint Helena: Journal of the Private Life and Conversations of the Emperor Napoleon (1823)--extracts; since you have papers to write, etc., you are not required to read this, but you may find it interesting. If you get really interested, you may want to read the full text.

Further Reading
Charles Esdaile, Fighting Napoleon: Guerrillas, Bandits, and Adventurers in Spain, 1808-1814 (2004).

Karen Hagemann, "Of 'Manly Valor' and 'German Honor': Nation, War, and Masculinity in the Age of the Prussian Uprising against Napoleon," Central European History 30 (1997).

Matthew Levinger, Enlightened Nationalism: The Transformation of Prussian Political Culture, 1806-1848 (2002).

Gabriel Lovett, Napoleon and the Making of Modern Spain (1965).

Stuart Semmel, Napoleon and the British (2004).

Stuart Woolf, Napoleon's Integration of Europe (1993).

Goya, Disasters of War (late 1810s; first published in 1860)


Terebenev, ABCs of 1812 (1812)


The Patriotic War of 1812 Gallery
(1812 in nineteenth-century Russian imagery)