U469  Mongolia:  Theocracy, Communism, Democracy
    (formerly Mongols of the 20th Century)
    Week 12:  Thursday
     
  1. 1952-1990 History: Still not fully "retold"
  2. Rise and Fall of the Sino-Soviet Alliance
    1. Chinese Communist victory
      1. Mao Zedong/Mao Tse-tung: leader of CCP despite Soviet dislike
      2. Chinese Communist minority policy
        1. 1936-1945: Inner Mongols part of China, fight Japan with Han
        2. 1945-9: Co-opts pro-MPR regimes, proposes federalism
        3. 1949 on: indissoluble, unitary state
      3. 1945/6 on: chief Inner Mongolian communist Yun Ze or Wulanfu
        1. IMAR model for MPR? MPR supporters in IMAR?
        2. 1930s situation all over again, despite veneer of friendship
    2. Sino-Soviet treaty: 1949
      1. Mao’s trip to Moscow, his only foreign visit
        1. Demanded Mongolia, Dalian, Chinese Eastern Railway
        2. Conceded all, but got extensive Soviet aid, military protection
      2. Close alliance through Korean war, to 1954
    3. Alliance renegotiated under Khrushchev
      1. 1954: China receives Dalian, CER, again demands MPR
      2. Mao rejects de-Stalinization (1956), despises Khurshchev
      3. Tensions over type of Soviet aid, Soviet advisers, policy toward US
    4. 1960: Amid Great Leap Forward Soviet Union pulls out all advisers
  3. China and Mongolian foreign policy: sandwich country dilemmas
    1. CCP had always recognized MPR independence
      1. Yet contradicts post-1949 nationality policy
      2. Superficial friendship and deep rivalry through the 1950s
    2. Under Choibalsang (1949-1952): Mongolia achieves formal foreign policy
      1. 1949: recognition from PRC; 1950: recognized by all Com. block
      2. Actual exchange of ambassador, 1st one IM Communist: Jargal
    3. Tsedenbal and China
      1. 1952: State visit established relations: diplomacy professionalized
      2. Chinese assistance
        1. Construction workers build more apartment blocks
        2. Trans-Mongolian railway completed 1955
      3. Chinese and Russian minority life
        1. Big decline after 1928, acculturation, "passing"; labor "Mongolized"
        2. 1956: 16,200 Chinese, 13,400 Russian citizens of MPR (?)
        3. Chinese guest workers: 13,150 in 1961; new Chinese districts
  4. Collectivization
    1. Influenced by ideology, rivalry with China
      1. China in 1956-7; Mongolia in 1958-1959
    2. Dramatic contrast to 1930-1932
      1. Govt. control firm; no opposing institutions
      2. Significant private herds allowed: 100 head in Gobi, 75 in Khangai
      3. Decline in animals: 1957: 23,339,000 >>1961: 20,392,900
    3. Negdels (Collectives) merged with sum/sumu administration
      1. 1958: 727 negdels >> 1979: 255; negdel=sum
      2. Negdels divided into brigades, brigades into suuri (social unit only)
      3. Collective members receive basic salary, plus share of coop profits
        1. In practice coops that never made profits still subsidized
      4. Collectivess make required meat, milk, wool deliveries to state
        1. Urban pop. and animal product processing industries grow
    4. New herding strategies
      1. Real strategy that worked
        1. Bottleneck is winter/spring die-off; corrals, hay cut die off
        2. Total animal numbers kept down by increasing off-take
        3. Larger and larger urban pop fed by stagnant rural pop & herd
      2. Failed policies
        1. Introduce European breeds: Holsteins and Merinos
        2. Requires more water and barn feeding all winter
      3. Change in herding practices
        1. Collective authorities direct nomadization
        2. Nomadization by collective-owned trucks
        3. Specialization in single animals, decline in khot ails (joint camps)
        4. General decline in herding skills
  5. De-Stalinization and the Tsedenbal-Damba conflict
    1. Khurshchev’s secret speech of 1956
      1. Bid to make Marxism-Leninism a convincing ideology again
      2. Better received in Europe, badly in Asia (Stalin was their only theorist)
      3. 1956: Central committee, public meetings on "cult of personality"
    2. Damba and Tsedenbal
      1. Damba, party sec., Tsedenbal PM: 1954-1958
      2. Damba supported de-Stalinization, Tsedenbal opposed it
      3. Damba deposed in 1958, critical intellectuals punished, committee closed
    3. Rehabilitation and the 2nd wave of de-Stalinization, 1961-1962

     

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