U569  Modern Inner Mongolia
Lecture, Tuesday, Week 9

 

  1. Japanese, Soviet policies in borderlands
    1. 1923 on, Stalin in charge of Soviet policy, undisputed from 1929
      1. Presupposition:  USSR encircled by (implacably) hostile powers
      2. Solution:  replace capitalist encirclement with socialist encirclement
      3. Border countries:  Finland, Poland, Romania, Turkey, Iran, China
        1. Keep them neutral, out of German, Japanese, British spheres
        2. Detach ethnic borderlands (W. Ukraine, Azerbayjan, Kazaks, IM)
          1. Either as semi-autonomous, or as independent/annexed
    2. Japanese policy made by consensus of civilian, military leaders
      1. China sphere is Japan's main foreign investment:  war rather than lose it
      2. Separation of Manchuria from China proper is main guarantee of this
        1. Recognition of Manchu/Mongol ethnicity > a key nat. policy
      3. Chiang Kai-shek and KMT/Nationalists not trusted to recognize this
  2. Japanese Advance
    1. 1928:  Manchuria unified with China proper (in name)
      1. Zhang Xueliang violates treaties with USSR, bad news for Japan
      2. Kanto/Guandong Army engineers conquest, 1931-2
  3. Japanese Administration in Inner Mongolia:  1931-1945
    1. First modern government in Inner Mongolia cf. New Policies
      1. Mongols as citizens:  equality of rights, Mongol ethnic privilege
      2. Officials as bureaucrats:  piecemenal replacement of nobility
      3. Nationalist, not Chinggisid:  all Mongols are children of Chinggis
  4. Khinggan Provinces:  1931-1945
    1. Administrative policies
      1. Bureaucratization:  expansion of functional offices in provinces
      2. Tight control:  Japanese advisors at all levels
      3. Ethnic relations:  Chinese lang. replaced by Japanese, Mongol privilege
    2. Social changes
      1. New Intelligentsia:  educational expansion, employment opportunities
      2. Regions:  Josotu lost to IM; nat-ism spreads to Juu Uda, Khorchin R.
  5. Autonomous Mongolian Nation:  1937-1945
    1. Administration
      1. Bureaucratization:  advanced in Chakhar, not elsewhere
      2. Control much less tight than in Khinggan, attractive to East Mongols
    2. Social Changes
      1. Chakhar-heart of the regime:  education, bureaucracy expands
      2. Shili-yin Gool:  society virtually unaffected by the changes
      3. Höhhot Tümeds/Bayatala:  Chakhar R. and Tümed merged, CCP guerillas
      4. Ulanchab and Yekhe Juu:  warring border zone, KMT armies
  6. Nationalist Doctrine popularized, pro-Soviet/MPR infiltration