Required Reading:
Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Wealth of Nations (1776), book I, chapters 1-2; book IV, intro-chap. two; the entire (lengthy!) text is available on-line, though there are also many copies of this book in print!
E. P. Thompson, 'Time, Work Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism,' Past & Present 38 (1967), 56-97 [ JSTOR].

Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation (1944), pp. 56-76; this selection, unfortunately, is not available on-line, but you can find the previous chapter.

Further Reading:
David Armitage, ed., Theories of Empire, 1450-1800 (1998).
Fred Cooper, "Colonizing Time: Work Rhythms and Labor Conflict in Colonial Mombasa," in N. Dirks, ed., Colonialism and Culture (1995).
Julian Hoppit, "Political Arithmetic in Eighteenth-Century England," Economic History Review (1996), 516-540 [JSTOR].
Catherine Packham, "The Physiology of Political Economy: Vitalism and Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations," Journal of the History of Ideas (2002), 465-481 [JSTOR].
Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: China, Europe and the Making of the Modern World Economy (2000).
Emma Rothschild, Economic Sentiments: Adam Smith, Condorcet, and the Enlightenment (2001).