While some aspects of espionage have not changed in centuries, new
technologies have changed the way that governments and corporations
go about spying.  Airborne imagery has progressed from U-2 spy
planes to multi-spectrum-imaging satellites that can take pictures
at night, through clouds and even through traditional camouflage
materials.  International communications that were once carried over
HF radios now fly around the world in digital packets.  Secrets,
once stored in safes, are now stored on computers and servers.  The
creation of ever smaller microchips and power sources has changed
the nature of “bugging” offices and tracking individuals.  All of
this in addition to the fact that before September 11, 2001 much of
intelligence work focused more on rivalries between nation-states,
such as the U.S. and the Soviet Union, than today when terrorist
groups or individual terrorists are the primary targets.  The net
result has been changes in the methodologies of espionage.  We will
explore how all these developments are creating enormous challenges
for intelligence agencies in the 21st century.