Definitions for Terms and Acronyms Used in CDF's Archaeology Program

Definitions of Terms and Acronyms Used in

the CDF Archaeology Program

Written and assembled by:

Daniel G. Foster, Brian D. Dillon, J. Charles Whatford, and Linda C. Sandelin

revised date: February 14, 2003

ACHP	Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
APE	Area of Potential Effect
ARMR	Archaeological Resource Management Report
BRM	Bedrock Mortar
CAA	Confidential Archaeological Addendum
CAL	Confidential Archaeological Letter
CCR	California Code of Regulations
CDF	California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
CEQA	California Environmental Quality Act
CHRIS	California Historical Resources Information System
CRHP	California Register of Historic Places
CRM	Cultural Resource Management
FCR	Fire-Cracked Rocks
IC	Information Center
LTO	Licensed Timber Operator
NAHC	Native American Heritage Commission
NAGPRA	Native American Graves Protection Repatriation Act
NEPA	National Environmental Protection Act
NHL	National Historic Landmark
NHPA	National Historic Preservation Act
NTMP	Nonindustrial Timber Management Plan
OHP	Office of Historic Preservation
PRC	Public Resources Code
PTHP	Program Timber Harvesting Plan
RPF	Registered Professional Forester
SHPO	State Historic Preservation Officer
THP	Timber Harvesting Plan
USGS	United States Geological Survey

Administered by CDF: As used in several CDF policy documents including Programmatic Agreements and Management Plans, administered by CDF refers to those federally funded projects and programs where CDF has Lead Agency responsibility pursuant to the California Environmental Quality Act (PRC Section 21000 et seq.) for environmental review and project approval and those properties owned by another agency but used by CDF.

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP): An independent federal agency that advises the President and Congress on historic preservation issues and administers the provisions of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act. This agency is a signatory on CDF Programmatic Agreements that specify CDF’s cultural resource review responsibilities and procedures for federally funded projects administered by CDF.

Agency Preservation Officer: A key official appointed by the head of a state agency pursuant to Executive Order W-26-92 to whose responsibility is to ensure that the State’s policies regarding the protection of cultural and historic resources within the jurisdiction of such state agency are carried out. Dan Foster is currently CDF’s Agency Preservation Officer, so appointed in 1992.

Anthropology: The study of humankind. Physical anthropology is concerned with the biological aspects of people, such as human evolution and biological variation; archaeology is the study of the dead; cultural anthropology is the study of the living; linguistics is the study of mankind’s most impressive technological achievement: language.

Archaeological Clearance: As used in Archaeological Review Procedures for CDF Projects and Programmatic Agreements, archaeological clearance is a finding made by CDF that cultural resource review requirements have been satisfactorily completed. This term carries an implied recommendation to the CDF decision maker that CDF’s obligations for cultural resource reviews have been met, and the professional archaeologists on staff at CDF are recommending project approval not be withheld due to cultural resource concerns.

Archaeological Coverage Map: The map or maps required as part of a Confidential Archaeological Addendum or a Confidential Archaeological Letter pursuant to the Forest Practice Rules. These rules require the map(s) to contain a north arrow, a scale, and accurately display the project boundary, the site survey area (showing survey intensity(ies)), and the specific location of all archaeological and historical sites identified within the site survey area. The map(s) must be on a 1:1 scale copy of a USGS 7.5' quadrangle(s), or digitally generated topographical equivalent. Additional maps at other scales may be required to more accurately display required information or increase clarity.

Archaeological Evidence: Archaeological evidence consists of only two things: objects (or features and artifacts) and associations, or the physical relationships between such artifacts and features, other artifacts and features, and stratigraphy. Everything else is archaeological interpretation. No evidence = no site.

Archaeological Interpretation: Anything said, written, or thought about archaeology that cannot be identified as evidence. Any consideration of how old, how important, how unique, etc. an archaeological site, culture or region may be or may have been in the past is automatically archaeological interpretation. Any attempts at equating an archaeological site with an historic or protohistoric culture, any demographic estimating, any attempts at figuring out life expectancy, seasonal subsistence patterns, etc. is archaeological interpretation.

Archaeological Site: A location where ancient human activities took place, and where tangible physical remains in the form of artifacts and/or features can be recognized. For historic sites, “ancient” usually means at least 50 years of age. An archaeological site may include surface and/or subsurface elements. It may be historic, prehistoric, or both, be part of a larger unit (such as a site-cluster or district), and/or contain smaller units (such as loci).

Archaeological Survey: A comprehensive examination of background data and a systematic field inspection to locate and record the cultural resources of a piece of land.

Archaeologically Trained Resource Professional: A person who has successfully completed the full course (currently four days in length) in the CDF Archaeological Training Program and who has kept this certification current through successful completion of a CDF sponsored refresher course at least once every five years, and who has demonstrated the ability to conduct professionally adequate cultural resource surveys and impact evaluations working in close association with a CDF Archaeologist.

Archaeology: The study of past human lifeways through the detection and analysis of the physical effects of human activities. It is one of the four sub-disciplines of anthropology.

Architectural History: Study of changing modes of building design and construction. It is usually concerned with standing or near-standing structures and the plans for such structures.

Architectural Resource: Any building, structure, district, or object constructed by humans.

Area of Potential Effects (APE): The geographic area, or areas, within which an undertaking or project may directly or indirectly cause changes in the character or use of historic properties or historical resources, should any such resources be present.

Artifact: An object that is made, modified, altered, or transported by human agency or workmanship which cannot be confused with an accident of nature.

Assemblage: A group of artifacts and other elements in an archaeological site that appear to represent a single time period.

Associated with CDF: Facilities or locations which are, or were, owned by, used by or built by the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection throughout the history of the organization.

Bead: Prehistoric beads in California are made of ocean shells such as clam or Olivella and of talc schist (steatite or soapstone) and other workable stone, and occasionally of bone. In historic times, large quantities of glass beads were brought into California for purposes of trade.

Bedrock Metate: An area pecked and ground on bedrock outcrops for grinding small hard seeds; used with a mano. These can occur as milling slicks that are polished areas with little or no depth, or as shaped, oval milling basins of considerable depth.

Bedrock Mortar (BRM): A hole pecked and ground in bedrock and used for pulverizing soft seeds or nuts, especially acorns, with a pestle.

Burial: The most universal kind of archaeological evidence. Burials can be primary (in their original place) or secondary (moved to their discovery location from somewhere else), and can be interments or cremations. Burials can be single (one skeleton in the burial pit) or multiple (more than one skeleton in the burial pit).

Burial Site: Locations where intentional human interments are found in large numbers and in close concentration; the inference is that a "burial precinct" is set aside so the dead occupy a identifiable location, and other functions are not carried out within the burial precinct.

California Historical Resources Information System (CHRIS): A statewide system for managing information on the full range of historical resources identified in California. CHRIS is a cooperative partnership between the State Historical Resources Commission, the California Office of Historic Preservation, the CHRIS Information Centers (ICs), and the CHRIS Hub.

California Register of Historic Places (CRHP): An authoritative listing and guide used by state and local agencies, private groups, and citizens in identifying the existing historical resources of the state and to indicate which deserve to be protected, to the extent prudent and feasible, from substantial change. The CRHP consists of historical resources that are (a) listed automatically; (b) listed following procedures and criteria adopted by the State Historical Resources Commission, and (c) nominated by an application and listed after a public hearing process pursuant to Title 14 of the California Code of Regulations (CRC), Chapter 11.5, California Register of Historic Places.

CDF Archaeologist: a professional archaeologist on staff or under contract to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CDF).

CDF Project: As used in CDF’s Archaeological Review Procedures for CDF Projects, in Programmatic Agreements, and in CDF’s Reference Manual and Study Guide for its Archaeological Training Program, a CDF project means any type of project where CDF is acting as lead agency pursuant to the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) except for Timber Harvesting Plans (THPs). Although CDF has Lead Agency responsibility for THP review and approval, THP archaeological survey and reporting procedures differ slightly from CDF’s procedures and the procedures followed in preparing and reviewing THPs are those that are stipulated in the Forest Practice Regulations. For this reason, the definition of a CDF project usually excludes THPs. Typical examples of CDF projects include, but are not limited to, cost-share grants administered by CDF’s Forestry Assistance Program (e.g. CFIP, FLEP, Forest Stewardship, etc.), purchase of conservation easements, vegetation management projects implemented under CDF’s VMP or Pre-Fire Programs, Urban Forestry grants, projects on State Forests, as well as Capitol Outlay and/or Facility Improvements on other CDF properties.

Cemetery: A place where burials are numerous and concentrated. Frequently, a cemetery will occupy a special, separate, precinct from the village or camp that people are buried from.

Chert: A sedimentary rock type commonly used for chipped-stone toolmaking by California Indians. It occurs in a variety of colors, similar in their crystalline structure and silica content with good flaking properties. Most common forms are Franciscan chert in the Franciscan formation of northwestern California, and Monterey chert, an oil-base chert found west of the San Andreas fault.

CHRIS: See California Historical Resources Information System.

CHRIS Clients: CHRIS clients may include, but are not limited to government agencies, archaeologists, historians, architectural historians, historical associations, registered professional foresters, land-use planners, commercial developers, Native American communities, and students.

CHRIS Hub: The CHRIS facility where CHRIS electronic data is transferred, stored, managed, secured, and disseminated.

CHRIS Materials: CHRIS information available at an Information Center (IC) includes but is not limited to historical resource records and reports, resource and report location maps, historical resource listings, and other regionally specific historical information.

Confidential Archaeological Addendum (CAA): The archaeological and historical resources survey and impact assessment report prepared for a proposed timber operation pursuant to the Forest Practice Rules that demonstrates conformance with rule requirements. CDF has a created a survey report form and a set of instructions, both of which are available on the CDF Archaeology Program Web Site, designed to guide the CAA author to include all required information. This report is confidential to the extent permitted pursuant to Government Code Sections 6254(r) and 6254.10 and is not included in any document provided to the public.

Confidential Archaeological Letter (CAL): The archaeological and historical resources survey and impact assessment prepared for an Emergency Notice covering three acres or more in size. It is included with the submittal of the Emergency Notice to the Director and contains all information required by the Forest Practice Rules, including site records, if required. The information may be presented on CDF’s CAA form or in a letter format. It is confidential to the extent permitted pursuant to Government Code Sections 6254(r) and 6254.10 and shall not be included in any document provided to the public.

Consultation: A process of notice and communication among various groups. It does not necessarily include concurrence or approval. The consultation concept encourages a free play of thoughts and an exchange of information. Every effort should be made to provide ample time and means for comment once consultation is sought. For example, the means used for consultation with ethnic groups may include letters, public or private meetings, or oral interviews with appropriate groups or individuals.

Core: A specially prepared stone nodule from which flakes have been struck. Cores can be identified by the negative flake scars indicating such struck flakes, and often, but not always, by prepared striking platforms.

Cultural Reconstruction: A specific kind of archaeological interpretation, in which the culture that produced a set of artifacts or created an archaeological site is recreated through careful study of the evidence they left behind. This activity literally “puts the people back on the landscape.”

Cultural Resource: A broad category that describes a wide variety of resources including archaeological sites, isolated artifacts, features, records, manuscripts, historical sites, traditional cultural properties, historical resources, and historic properties, regardless of significance.

Culture: The learned and taught behavior patterns, customs, and habits of a human society. Cultures vary from place to place and change through time; it is this variation and change that anthropologists study.

Current Archaeological Records Check: A review of the State's archaeological and historic resource files conducted at the appropriate Information Center of the California Historical Resource Information System for the area which could be affected by project operations. The address, phone number, and list of counties covered by each regional Information Center is provided on a list available on the CDF Archaeology Program Web Site. To be “current”, the records check must have been conducted within five years prior to the date a THP, NTMP, or Emergency Notice of 3 acres or more is submitted to the Director, or for CDF projects, prior to the date of the survey report.

Dating: Archaeological sites can be dated "absolutely" by physical methods including geological analysis and the radiocarbon method. ("Absolute" dates are usually bracketed with plus and minus factors and are not truly absolute). They can also be dated "relatively" by comparing the artifacts found in or on them with those found in or on sites that have been dated absolutely, and by other physical means which do not yield absolute dates. Projectile points and shell beads are particularly useful for dating, because the kinds of points and beads used in California changed frequently and regularly throughout prehistory and the early historic period. Bottles, nails, cans, barbed wire, porcelain, and architectural elements are useful for similar purposes at historic archaeological sites.

Determination of Eligibility: A finding, through SHPO consensus or Keeper of the National Register determination, that the property meets the criteria for eligibility in the National Register of Historic Places, although not actually listed, and is afforded the same protection under Section 106 as a listed property; determinations of eligibility for the California Register are afforded similar consideration under CEQA.

Effect: In federal law, an undertaking has an effect on a historic property when the undertaking may alter characteristics of the property that qualify the property for inclusion in the National Register. For the purpose of determining effect, alteration to the property’s location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, association, or use may be relevant, depending on a property's significant characteristics, and should be considered.

Ethnic Group: A group of people who hold in common a set of traditions that distinguish them from others with whom they are in contact. Such traditions typically include a sense of historical continuity, and a common ancestry, place of origin, religious beliefs and practices, and language. Ethnic groups in California include Historic Immigrants and Native California Indians. A distinguishing feature of such groups is their identity with ethnic traditions in California. For example, some "Mexican-Americans” identify ethnically with the Hispanic period of California history.

Ethnic Identity: Contrasts with other senses of belonging, such as citizenship within a political state or present-oriented loyalties to a professional, occupational, avocational, or social class. Ethnic identity is not to be confused with racial or caste identities. For example, ethnic groups that identify with early historic California settlers would be composed of members from a variety of races and would be exclusive of social or occupational classes or groups.

Ethnographic Culture: Refers to a native California culture (see "Native Californian").

Ethnography: The anthropological study of societies in existence at the time of the study. Generally, the observation and organized description of current human behavior or behavior that is remembered by living people.

Evaluation: A professional determination of the significance of a cultural resource.

Executive Order W-26-92: A state mandate that directs California’s state agencies to:

· Designate from among its current staff a key official (Agency Preservation Officer) whose responsibility will be to ensure that the State’s policies regarding the protection of cultural and historic resources within the jurisdiction of such state agency are carried out. Dan Foster is currently CDF’s Agency Preservation Officer, so appointed in 1992.

· Administer heritage resources under its control in a spirit of stewardship and trusteeship for future generations; and

· Develop policies, plans, and programs to preserve, restore, and maintain state-owned heritage resources for the inspiration and benefit of the people; and

· Ensure that the protection of significant heritage resources is given full consideration in all of its land use and capitol outlay decisions; and

· Institute procedures, in consultation with OHP, to ensure that state plans and programs contribute to the preservation and enhancement of significant non-state owned heritage resources.

Feasible: Capable of being accomplished or brought about; possible; capable of being utilized or dealt with successfully; suitable; logical; likely. As used in cultural resource management, it means realistic alternatives, mitigations, or methods to protect resources.

Feature: An archaeological feature is either a large stationary artifact, such as a firepit, housepit, cairn, bedrock mortar, etc. or an association of related portable artifacts such as a cache or offering of related tools or ornaments. Human burials and lithic scatters are features. These are forms of archaeological evidence that represent a particular activity.

Fire-Cracked Rocks (FCR): Broken stones, usually water-worn cobbles, fractured by heat. These are the most common items found in archaeological deposits throughout California, far more common than flaked stone artifacts. They were used for food preparation by heating them and then rapidly cooling them (stone boiling of acorn mush) or heated to assist in their modification. Also stones from a hearth.

Fire Lookout Station (FLS): Any location, usually on mountain peak or other elevated position, which contains a facilities used by a lookout to detect wildfires or any location where facilities to detect wildfires once existed but have been removed. Some of these fire lookout stations now contain communications facilities.

Flake: A piece of stone removed from a core or from another flake.

Flake Scatter: A distribution of waste flakes, and sometimes tools and tool fragments, usually reflecting tool manufacture or activities (like hunting) involving use of chipped stone tools.

Hammerstone: A cobble with one or more battered ends, displaying evidence of use.

Handstone: See Mano.

Heritage Resource: Same as Historical Resource.

Historic Immigrant: Any member of an ethnic group which holds a common set of traditions that includes a sense of historical continuity and/or common ancestry with early historic immigrants to California.

Historic Landscape: There are two categories of historic landscapes: rural historic landscapes and designed historic landscapes. A rural historic landscape is a geographical area that historically has been used by people, or shaped or modified by human activity, occupancy, or intervention, and that possesses a significant concentration, linkage, or continuity of areas of land use, vegetation, buildings and structures, roads and waterways, and/or natural features (National Register Bulletin No. 30). A designed historic landscape is a landscape that derives its significance as a design or work of art; was consciously designed and laid out by a master gardener, landscape architect, architect, or horticulturist based on design principles, or an owner or amateur using a recognized style or tradition; has a historical association with a significant person, trend, event, etc. in landscape gardening or landscape architecture; or a significant relationship to the theory or practice of landscape architecture (National Register Bulletin No. 18).

Historic/Prehistoric: Prehistoric archaeological sites belong to the period before written records, whereas historic sites were occupied after the arrival of literate persons able to keep written records of events. The historic period arrives at different times in different parts of California, as early as 1542 in one area and as late as 1870 in others. Sites can have both historic and prehistoric components, or be strictly assigned to one period or the other.

Historic Property: In federal law, a district, site, building, structure, or object that is significant in American history, architecture, engineering, archaeology, or culture at the national, state or local level, and that meets the National Register criteria.

Historic Resource: In state law, this includes but is not limited to any object, building, structure, site, area, place, record or manuscript which is historically or archaeologically significant, or which is significant in of the architectural, engineering, scientific, economic, agricultural, educational, social, political, military, or cultural history of California life as stipulated in PRC Section 5020.1(J) (and CCR Title 14, Chapter 11.5, Appendix A). Historical resource also refers to buildings, structures, sites, objects, districts, and all manner of properties containing material remains of past human life or activity.

Historic Sites: Archaeological sites of the historic period. Locations where important events during the historic period took place or historic artifacts or features important to our understanding of the region's recent development can be identified. In general, the earlier the site, the more important it is, and the more intact the site, the more significant. Historic sites can be the remains of houses, barns, mines, logging camps, dumps, etc.

Historical Resource: see Historic Resource.

Historical Resources Inventory: A set of data, such as a list of historical resources, generated through a Historical Resources Survey.

Historical Resources Reports: Documents that provide information on historical resources but are not recordation forms.

Historical Resources Survey: The process of systematically identifying, researching, photographing, and documenting historical resources within a defined geographic area.

History: The study of the past using written records. History is always biographical and specific to a greater or lesser extent, while prehistory, on the other hand, in California is always anonymous and often general in scope.

Horizon: Archaeological horizons can be technological (Bow and Arrow Horizon), stylistic (Phallic Charmstone Horizon) or broad cultural patterns (PaleoIndian Horizon) that always have at least three salient features: 1: their characteristic artifacts are so distinctive they cannot be confused with any other horizon; 2: the technology or style experiences great popularity over a wide geographical area; and 3: the horizon is of comparatively short length (the opposite of a tradition).

Host Institution: A public or non-profit organization that houses an Information Center.

Housepit: A specific kind of archaeological feature. At prehistoric occupation sites, these are shallow depressions left in the ground when a semi-subterranean structure collapses and decays. Large ones (10-30 meters across) are usually quite obvious and are often associated with community structures; single-family residences may be no more than 3-4 meters across. These can usually be differentiated from stump holes, prospect pits, bulldozer holes, cow wallows, etc, by associated archaeological evidence, properties of symmetry, clustering of multiple pits, and other evidence of cultural origin.

Hunting and Gathering: With a few exceptions, all California Indians were hunters and gatherers, i.e., they did not engage in agriculture. They collected plants and hunted animals where these were found in their natural states.

Indian: A member of any of the native people of North America, South America, or the West Indies.

Indian Tribal Organization: The recognized governing body of any Indian Tribe; or a legally established organization of Indians controlled, sanctioned, or chartered by such a governing body, or democratically elected by the adult members of the Indian community which is served by such an organization and which includes the maximum participation of Indians in all phases of its activities.

Indian Tribe: An organized group or community of Indians, legally recognized and eligible for special programs and services provided by the United States to Native Americans.

Information Center (Regional Information Center, IC): An Information Center of the California Historical Resources Information System, under contract to the Office of Historic Preservation, which receives, manages, and provides information on historical and archaeological resources. An Information Center also provides information and recommendations regarding such resources on a fee-for-service basis (CCR Chapter 14, Title 11.5, Appendix A).

Intensive Cultural Resource Survey: means an investigation to determine the presence or absence of cultural resources within a given project area. It is the process to determine precisely what cultural resources exist in a given area. It describes the distribution of cultural resources, determines the number, type, location, and condition of individual cultural resources within the area, and records their physical extent. The documentation for the survey shall include the boundaries of the area surveyed, the methods used during the survey including a description of the survey coverage achieved, and a record of the precise location of all cultural resources identified within a project area.

Knowledgeable or Concerned Person or Group: Any individual or group of individuals who, because of formal or informal education, or long-term occupancy to an area, has knowledge and/or skills that pertain to some aspect of an ethnic group's traditions. Or, a person with knowledge about a piece of property, particularly with respect to the history or location of artifacts or sites discovered on a property.

Lithic Workshop: A location where stone tools were made or modified. These are normally surface lithic scatters or "chipping stations" of comparatively shallow depth, where this single function was carried out.

Local Native Americans: Those California Native American tribal organizations and individuals listed for the appropriate county or portion of a county on the most current version of CDF’s Native American Contact List. The terms Native American Contact List and Native Americans are also defined.

Local Register of Historical Resources: A list of properties officially designated or recognized as historically significant by a local government pursuant to a local ordinance or resolution.

Locus: A specific kind of archaeological unit, smaller than a site, larger than a single feature. This discrete archaeological unit is usually attributable to a particular set of activities. For example, in a given site, bedrock mortars and scatters of flakes may be somewhat separate from a midden deposit and housepits; each association of features would constitute a locus. The plural of this term is loci. Large and complex archaeological sites typically have multiple loci.

Logging Area: As defined in the Forest Practice Rules, this is the area which timber operations are being conducted as shown on the map accompanying the Timber Harvesting Plan. The logging area also includes the zone within 100 feet, as measured on the surface of the ground, from the edge of the traveled surface of appurtenant roads owned or controlled by the timberland owner, timber operator or timber owner, and being used during the harvesting of the particular area. The traveled surface of such appurtenant roads is also part of the logging area.

Management: The act, manor, or practice of handling or controlling something – such as archaeological resources.

Mano: A stone used for grinding on a metate, usually loaf-shaped and suitable for holding in the hand. Typically these are water-worn cobbles that exhibit evidence of grinding. Both shaped (pecked into form) and unshaped variants are common throughout California. Also known as a handstone.

Metate: A flat or shallow-basin stone used in husking and grinding small, hard seeds, like sage, or soft seeds or fruits like manzanita berries. These may be portable on bedrock. Used with a mano.

Midden: Dark-colored, silty, soil found at prehistoric occupation sites. Typically, midden deposits contain quantities of ash, soot, and broken fire-cracked rocks, indicative of intensive occupation of a site, with lots of cooking fires. Shell, artifacts, housepits, or other features may also be present at or near midden deposits, which are distinctive and easily recognized when dry. Dry midden soil has a sooty feel that sticks to the hands.

Milling Site: A special use site for food processing. In California, these sites are often located at favorable rock outcroppings or boulder complexes. They contain bedrock mortars, milling slicks or milling basins that bear evidence of repeated periods of food processing at the same location.

Mortar: A stone bowl used with a pestle for grinding soft, pulpy seeds, like acorns. These may be portable or pecked and ground into bedrock.

National Historic Landmark (NHL): A property formally designated by the Secretary of the Interior as having special importance in the interpretation and appreciation of the nation's history; NHLs receive additional protection under Section 106 (36 CFR 800.10) and Section 110 of the NHPA.

National Register Criteria: A property may be considered eligible for the National Register of Historic Places if it meets one or more of the following criteria;

(a) Is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of California’s history and cultural heritage.

(b) Is associated with the lives of persons important in our past.

(c) Embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, region, or method of construction, or represents the work of an important creative individual, or possesses high artistic values.

(d) Has yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.

National Register of Historic Places (National Register): A list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects maintained by the National Park Service to be of historical, cultural, architectural, archaeological, or engineering significance at the national, state, or local level, as authorized by the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (16 U.S.C. Section 470 et seq.).

Native Americans: As defined in the Forest Practice Rules, means the Native American Heritage Commission and those local Native American tribal groups and individuals to be notified or consulted for CDF projects. The required local contacts are specified in CDF’s Native American Contact List, also defined below.

Native American Archaeological or Cultural Site: As defined in the Forest Practice Rules, means any archaeological or other cultural resource that is associated with Native Americans. These sites must be identifiable by a specific physical location containing specific physical attributes. Native American archaeological or cultural sites include but are not limited to village sites, camp sites, petroglyphs, prehistoric trails, quarries, milling stations, cemeteries, ceremonial sites, or traditional cultural sites and properties.

Native American Contact List (NACL): As defined in the Forest Practice Rules, the list developed by CDF in consultation with the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) that identifies those Native Americans that must be notified or consulted for certain CDF projects. It is organized by counties or portions of counties, and includes all federally recognized tribal governments and other California Native American tribal organizations or individuals that CDF has placed on the list based upon demonstrated knowledge concerning the location of archaeological or other cultural resources within California. The NAHC is a required contact for each county to enable the NAHC to complete a check of its Sacred Lands File which is authorized by PRC Sections 5097.94(a) and 5097.95. CDF frequently updates the list to keep mailing addresses, telephone numbers, email addresses, and other information current. CDF project managers are encouraged to use the most current list available during the environmental planning for the proposed project. The list is available at the CDF Web Site at: http://www.indiana.edu/~e472/cdf/contacts/NACL.htm or through email request to a CDF Archaeologist.

Obsidian: Natural black volcanic glass highly prized by California Indians for toolmaking.

Occupation Site: A location used for short-term or permanent residence. Historic, non-Indian occupation sites usually have standing or collapsed structures. These also may have fruit trees and accumulated trash. Prehistoric occupation sites usually contain a number of features and loci, and often include features associated with residence, such as housepits or midden.

Office of Historic Preservation (OHP): The state office headed by the State Historic Preservation Officer, charged with administering the national historic preservation program at the state level. This office also has state responsibility for management of historical resources as mandated by PRC Section 5020 et seq.

Pattern: See Horizon.

Pestle: A conical or cylindrical stone used in a mortar to pulverize soft seeds or fruits.

Petroglyph Site: A location where cups, lines, geometric designs, or stylized pictures have been pecked, carved or rubbed into rock surfaces, usually in connection with ritual activities.

Pictograph Site: A location where paintings have been made on rock surfaces, generally in connection with ritual activity.

Plan: A detailed scheme, program, or method worked out beforehand for the accomplishment of an objective, a systematic arrangement of details.

Point of Historical Interest: An official state list of landmarks of local interest as stipulated in PRC Section 5021 and 5022.5. These resources are posted with historical signs by the Department of Transportation.

Prehistoric Sites: Prehistoric archaeological sites belong to the period before written records, whereas historic sites were occupied after the arrival of literate persons able to keep written records of events. The historic period arrives at different times in different parts of California, as early as 1542 in one area and as late as 1870 in others. Sites can have both historic and prehistoric components, or be strictly assigned to one period or the other.

Preliminary Study: A term used in CDF’s Programmatic Agreements and Archaeological Review Procedures for CDF Projects to mean a preliminary analysis of a proposed CDF project to determine if potential impacts to cultural resources could result from project activities.

Primary Number: The numbering system utilized by the ICs in accessioning all historical resource records into the CHRIS. The Primary Number designates a location of a resource. The system utilizes the following format: Example: P-02-000005, where “P” identifies this as Primary Number, “02” is the two-digit number for county names, and “000005” is the sequentially assigned number for that resource within that particular county. The above example is the fifth historical resource to be assigned a Primary Number in Alpine County.

Problem: A specific, unresolved question or situation addressed by archaeological research. Archaeologists study archaeological sites not only for site-specific reasons, but in order to solve problems dealing with cultural variation and change.

Professional Archaeologist: As defined in the Forest Practice Rules, this means a person who holds at least a Bachelor of Arts or Science degree in Anthropology or Archaeology from a college or university and has completed at least three years of professional experience in research, writing, or project supervision in archaeological investigation or cultural resource management and protection programs, and meeting the California State Personnel Board's series specifications and minimum qualifications for an Associate State Archaeologist in the State Archaeologist Series.

Project: In state law (14CCR Section 15378), a project means the whole of an action, which has a potential for resulting in either a direct physical change in the environment, or a reasonably foreseeable indirect physical change in the environment, and that is any of the following:

1) An activity directly undertaken by any public agency including but not limited to public works construction and related activities clearing or grading of land, improvements to existing public structures, enactment and amendment of zoning ordinances, and the adoption and amendment of local General Plans or elements thereof pursuant to Government Code Sections 65100-65700.

2) An activity undertaken by a person which is supported in whole or in part through public agency contacts, grants, subsidies, loans, or other forms of assistance from one or more public agencies.

3) An activity involving the issuance to a person of a lease, permit, license, certificate, or other entitlement for use by one or more public agencies.

Projectile Point: The worked stone tip of a spear, arrow, dart, or knife.

Protohistoric: The transition period of European/Indian contact between the prehistoric period (when California was 100% American Indian, and no written records existed) and the historic period, when written records became common throughout what is now our state. Protohistoric archaeological sites can appear strictly prehistoric, yet at the same time can date exclusively to the historic period.

Prudent: Wise in handling practical matters; exercising good judgement or common sense; careful in regard to one's own interest; careful about one's conduct.

Quarry Site: A location where raw materials were obtained for use in production of tools and other artifacts, or for other cultural purposes. Natural outcrops are not quarry sites; for inclusion within this category, some evidence of ancient human working must be discoverable. Quarry sites are normally, but not inevitably, associated with lithic workshops.

Registered Professional Forester (RPF): A person who holds a valid license as a professional forester, issued by the California State Board of Forestry and Fire Protection, pursuant to Article 3, Chapter 2, Division 1, of the Public Resources Code.

Retouched Flake: A flake that has been subjected to the purposeful removal of small flakes along its edge(s) to enhance its usefulness for particular activities.

Rock Art Sites: Archaeological sites that contain one or more panels of either painted (pictograph) or incised (petroglyph) designs. These are intentionally made on nonportable surfaces such as boulders, cave or cliff walls, etc.

Rock Shelter: This site type includes natural caves or crevices in bedrock outcrops where human utilization left some tangible traces. Rock shelters often but not always constitute good contexts for dry preservation of normally perishable materials. Natural caves, however, are not archaeological sites unless artifacts can be found inside them.

Sample Survey: A systematic examination of a portion of a large management area, from which the general distribution of archaeological resources in the larger area can be extrapolated. The sample should be systematically drawn from the whole using appropriate statistical procedures. A sample survey is useful in general planning activities (e.g., preparation of Land Management Plans).

Section 106: The section of the National Historic Preservation Act which requires that federal agencies take into account the effects of their undertakings on historic properties and afford the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation an opportunity to comment on such undertakings. This federal law sometimes applies to CDF projects if federal funds are used or if a federal agency permit is required. Those circumstances would make the activity a project (which obligates CDF under CEQA) and an undertaking (which obligates the federal agency to comply with this federal law and its accompanying regulations).

Settlement Patterns: The distribution of living and work areas over the surface of the land. Settlement patterns are defined using data from archaeological surveys; changes in settlement patterns can be studied by comparing different kinds of contemporaneous and/or non-contemporaneous settlements.

Shell Midden: Usually found in coastal contexts but occasionally in interior settings, shell middens are locations where large amounts of marine shell are found to some depth below surface. Shell middens can form components of other kinds of sites such as villages, camps, etc. In some areas of California (such as the Burney area), shell middens of non-marine shell species (such as Margaretifera) occur.

Shell Scatters: Locations where small amounts of marine shell are found without other associated artifacts, and in quantities tiny enough to suggest casual use at best. In general, the farther from the coast, the smaller the amount of shell involved, except as mentioned above, in interior areas where massive deposits of Margaretifera occur.

Significance: The value of an archaeological or historical site to the broad patterns of science, prehistory, history, and society.

Significant Archaeological or Historical Site: As defined in the Forest Practice Rules, means a specific location which may contain artifacts or objects and where evidence clearly demonstrates a high probability that the site meets one or more of the following criteria:

(a) Contains information needed to answer important scientific research questions.

(b) Has a special and particular quality such as the oldest of its type or the best available example of its type.

(d) Involves important research questions that historical research has shown can be answered only with archaeological methods.

(e) Has significant cultural or religious importance to California Indians as identified by the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) or Native American organizations or individuals in concurrence with the NAHC or locally federally recognized tribal governments.

Significant Cultural Resource: Any property found to be eligible for the National Register of Historic Places or the California Register of Historical Resources.

Significant Heritage Resource: A heritage resource that meets one of the following criteria as stipulated in Executive Order W-26-92 Section 3C):

(1) listed in or potentially eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places; or

(2) Registered or eligible for registration as a state historical landmark or point of historical interest; or

(3) Registered or eligible for listing in a California Register of Historical Resources in accordance with procedures and criteria developed by the State Historical Resources Commission.

Site: See Archaeological Site.

Site-Cluster: A site-cluster is a group of sites whose apparent boundaries do not overlap but which are close enough to one another to suggest occupation by the same community, or by closely interacting communities, or by the same population at somewhat different points in time.

Site Record: See Historical Resource Record.

Site Survey Area: As defined in the Forest Practice Rules, this is the area within a CDF project where a field survey must be conducted for archaeological and historical sites. It includes the entire logging area (as defined - see Logging Area) except appurtenant roads and those portions of the 100 foot strip along such roads unless there are timber operations to remove commercial wood products that could affect an archaeological or historical site.

Special Use (or Special Activity) Site: A site that probably served only one or a small number of functions, usually not including residence. It may consist of a single feature or locus. A lithic workshop, indicated by a discrete scatter of chipping waste, with no other evidence, is an example of a special use site.

State Historical Resources Commission (SHRC): THE SHRC is comprised of members who are appointed by the Governor under Public Resources Code 5020.4 and 5020.5. The Commission has broad responsibilities for the statewide historic preservation program that include conducting a statewide inventory of historical resources, establishing criteria for evaluating historic resources, and conducting public hearings to develop and review a statewide historical resources plan.

State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO): The SHPO is appointed by the Governor under Public Resources Code 5020.6 as well as the authority of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966. The SHPO is the appointed official in each state and territory charged with administering the national historic preservation program at the state level, and for implementing state mandates pursuant to PRC Section 5024 et seq. The SHPO serves as the Chief Administrative Officer of the Office of Historic Preservation and Executive Secretary of the State Historical Resources Commission.

State Historic Landmark: An official state list of landmarks of statewide significance pursuant to PRC Section 5021.

Subsistence: Getting enough to eat; the manner or methods by which a society maintains itself. Subsistence systems influenced many other aspects of aboriginal culture.

Substantial Adverse Change: Demolition, destruction, relocation, or alteration such that the significance of a historical resource would be impaired as specified in PRC Section 5020.1 (q). It is the equivalent to significant effect as defined in CEQA.

Supervised Designee: As defined in the Forest Practice Rules, this means a person, who needs not be an RPF, acting as an assistant under the supervision of an RPF. For the purposes of this definition, supervision means the RPF must perform regular and timely quality control, work review and inspection, both in the office and in the field, and be able to take, or effectively recommend, corrective actions where necessary; the frequency of the review, inspection and guidance shall take into consideration the experience of the non-RPF and technical complexity of the job, but shall be sufficiently frequent to ensure the accomplishment of work to professional standards.

Temporary Camp Site: A very diverse category of archaeological site that is only occupied for part of the year (i.e., temporarily). These are in effect miniature "village" sites, where deposits are either shallow, poorly developed, or artifact poor, and generally impoverished in features. When burials or features occur, they are normally few and isolated.

Tradition: A cultural, technological, or stylistic pattern that has consistency and identity over time, frequently a long period of time. A single archaeological culture can have many different traditions of technological (i.e.: chipped stone tool tradition), stylistic (zoomorphic petroglyph tradition) or cultural (ceremonial dance tradition) nature identified with it; what is important is that all such traditions are not tied to each other and can and do change at different rates.

Trail: This site type is a blazed path or beaten path through the woods, brush or desert. Trails are ve