NOTES
Links to summaries of key issues for each topic
VISUALS
Links to images employed in lectures on a topic-by-topic basis
TEXT
Link to chapter outlines at online learning center
NOTES
Links to summaries of key issues for each topic
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A History of Oceanography
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Notes on Topic:
- The notes identify the learning
objectives within dominant themes
- They present summaries of key
issues for each topic
- They emphasize the terminology
used to describe the various phenomena.
4. Scientific
Expeditions:
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Learning Objective:
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- Understanding of the progressive development of knowledge
of the oceans derived from expeditions and measurements.
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Ocean Mapping and
Scientific Developments:
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- Charts providing distances and water depths, including:
- James Cook: 3 voyages in Pacific, Southern Oceans from
1768-1779
- Benjamin Franklin's map of Gulf Stream with Timothy
Folger, 1769
- H.M.S. Beagle with Charles Darwin aboard in 1830's
- Matthew Fontaine Maury:
- organized wind, current information from ship's logbooks
and wrote "The Physical Geography of the Sea" (1855)
- Ocean Life:
- Edward Forbes' idea that deep sea (>550m) was "azoic",
without life, but Christian Ehrenberg, Johannes Müller, Victor Hensen
studied minute plants and animals from oceans
- H.M.S. Challenger:
- In 1870's, supported by the Royal Society, collected
rocks, sediments, biota, measured depths, published results proved deep oceans
were not "azoic" (Wyville Thomson & John Murray),
- Polar Oceans:
- Fridtjof Nansen "Fram" frozen in ice for 35 months
and traversed the Arctic Ocean; Amundsen on "Gjoa" navigated the Northwest
Passage in 3 years (1903-1906)
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5. Modern Global
Ocean Science:
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Learning Objective:
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- Recognition of the international, interdisciplinary
nature of oceanographic research activities.
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Development of Oceanographic
Sciences:
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- Oceanographic Institutions in 1900's:
- Sverdrup, Johnson & Fleming "The Oceans" (1942)
- Federal funding of Ocean Science from 1950's.
- Deep-sea Drilling: Glomar Challenger, followed by JOIDES
Resolution
- also submersibles and ROV (remotely operated vehicles).
- Global programs (IGBP, WCRP):
- Combination of instrumentation, including satellite
images, remote sensing, using aircraft, ships, vast array of sampling devices;
international collaborative ventures ('big science', acronyms)
- integration of fields involving chemical, physical
& biological oceanographers, e.g. WOCE, JGOFS, TOGA, GOALS, GLOBEC, DODP,
RIDGE, GOOS funded by NSF, NOAA, ONR.
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Department of Geological Sciences,
1001 E. Tenth Street, Bloomington, IN 47405-1403
Phone: (812) 855-5582 Last updated: 26 September 2002
Comments: simon@indiana.edu
Copyright
2002, The Trustees of Indiana University
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