NOTES
Links to summaries of key issues for each topic
VISUALS
Links to images employed in lectures on a topic-by-topic basis
TEXT
Link to chapter outlines at online learning center at McGraw Hill.
NOTES
Links to summaries of key issues for each topic
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|
The Physical Properties of Water (contd.)
|
Notes on Topic:
The notes represent summaries of key issues
for each topic
They emphasize the terminology used to describe
the various phenomena.
| 1. Properties of Water
(contd.): |
| Learning Objectives: |
-
Understanding of the influences of water structure on its properties
-
Energetics of water, and variations associated with changes in state
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| Structures of Ice and Water: |
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Ice:
-
open network held together by H-bonds, which excludes salts
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Water:
-
in part H-bonded clusters.
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Water vapor:
-
Hydrogen bonds form (break) during condensation (evaporation).
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Heat energy measured in calories:
-
1 cal = heat required to raise 1g water by 1°C.
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melting/freezing (80 cal = latent heat of fusion)
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warming/cooling from 0°C to 100°C (100 cal)
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evaporation/condensation (540 cal = latent heat of vaporization).
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Dew point:
-
condensation occurs
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sublimation direct conversation of solid to gas.
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Heat absorbed in two forms:
-
sensible heat in vibrational energy, which leads to temperature change
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latent heat in H-bonds.
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| Physical properties: |
-
Heat capacity:
-
high heat capacity (1 cal/g/°C; only NH3 higher)
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changes little with heat absorption
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vital in regulation of Earth's oceanic temperature
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Cohesion:
-
H-bonds hold water together
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Surface tension:
-
ordered layer at air/water interface
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Viscosity:
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resistance to flow, low for water
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Compressibility:
-
Water almost incompressible.
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Volume reduced by only 1.7% at 400 atm (4km)
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max. pressure: 1100 atm at 11km
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Density:
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mass/unit volume, max. 1g/cm3 at ~4°C
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decreases at lower and higher temperatures
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seawater ~1.0278g/cm3
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Temperature effects:
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ice (lattice structure) less dense than water, floats.
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density increases with salinity;
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seawater sinks as cooled.
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small density increase as pressure increases.
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Dissolving Ability:
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water as solvent, separate charged ions from each other.
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continual process of transporting salts from land to ocean by run-off,
makes seawater saline.
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of Geological Sciences,
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Phone:
(812) 855-5582 Last updated: 7 October 2000
Comments:
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2000, The Trustees of Indiana University
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