Bibliography of Feminist Criticism
in French and English of African Literatures
By Sharon Verba
General (by geographic region)
Adams, Anne. "Claiming Her Authority from Life: Twenty Years of African Women's Literary Criticism." Matatu. 10 (1993): 155-72.
Aidoo, Ama Ata. "The African Woman Today." Dissent. 39 (Summer 1992): 319-25.
Ajayi, Omofolabo. "From His Symbol to Her Icon: An Analysis of the Presentation of Women in African Contemporary Literary Works." American Journal of Semiotics. 8.3 (1991): 31-52.
d'Almeida, Irene Assiba. Francophone Woman Writers: Destroying the Emptiness of Silence. Gainesville: UP of Florida, 1994.
Andrade, Susan Zulema. African Fictions and Feminisms: Making History and Remaking Traditions. Diss. University of Michigan, 1993. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI, 1993. DA9308264.
Ba, Mariama. "Fonction politique des litteratures africaines ecrites." Ecriture francaise dans le monde. 3.5 (1981): 3-7.
Bazin, Nancy Topping. "Feminism in the Literature of African Women." The Black Scholar. 20.3-4 (1989): 8-17.
Boehmer, Elleke Dierdre. Mothers of Africa: Representations of Nations and Gender in Post-Colonial African Literature. Diss. University of Oxford, 1990. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI, 1992. AAC D-95078
Bose, Brinda. Re-Writing the Empire: Gender, Race and Silence in Colonial and Post-Colonial Fiction. Diss. Boston University, 1995. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI, 1995. DA9513927.
Brown, Lloyd Wellesley. Women Writers in Black Africa. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981.
Busia, Abena. "Silencing Sycorax: On African Colonial Discourse and the Unvoiced Female." Cultural Critique. 14 (Winter 1989-1990): 81-104.
Cabakulu, Mwamba. "Femmes africaines ecrivaines: Une Certitude de revanche?" Cahiers de l'Institut Panafricain de Geo Politique. 7 (1989): 98-110.
Christian, Barbara. "Alternate Visions of the Gendered Past: African Women Writers vs. Illich." Feminist Issues. 3.1 (1983): 23-27.
Chukwuma, Helen. "Voices and Choices: The Feminist Dilemma in Four African Novels." Literature and Black Aesthetics. Ed. Ernest Emenyonu, Dele Orisawayi, Ebele Eko, Julius Ogo, Emilia Oko, and Agantiem Abang. Ibadan: Heinemann, 1990.131-42.
Cobham, Rhonda. "Introduction to the Special Issue on Women's Writing." Research in African Literatures. 19.2 (1988): 137-42.
Cobham-Sander, Rhonda. "Class vs. Sex." The Black Scholar. 17.4 (1986): 17-27.
Davies, Carole Boyce. Black Women, Writing and Identity: Migrations of the Subject. New York: Routledge, 1994.
---- "Challenging Minoring, Marginality and Effacement: African Women Writers and Literary Canons." ASA Annual Meeting Paper. 26 (October 1988).
---- "Introduction: Feminist Conciousness and African Literary Criticism." Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature. Ed. Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1986. 1-23.
---- "Private Selves and Public Spaces: Autobiography and the African Woman Writer; Annual Selected Papers of the African Literature Association." Crisscrossing Boundaries in African Literatures. Ed. Kenneth Harrow, Jonathan Ngate, and Clarisse Zimra. Washington, DC: Three Continents, 1991. 109-27. Earlier version in : Neohelicon. 17.2 (1990): 183-210.
---- "Wrapping Oneself in Mother Akatado-Cloths: Mother-Daughter Relationships in the Works of African Women Writers." Sage. 4.2 (1987): 11-19.
---- "Writing Off Marginality, Minoring, and Effacement." Women's Studies International Forum. 14.4 (1991): 249-63.
Davies, Carole Boyce and Elaine Savory Fido. "African Women Writers: Toward a Literary History." A History of Twentieth-Century African Literatures. Ed. Oyekan Owomoyela. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1993. 311-346.
Donaldson, Laura. "Black Women's Writings: Crossing the Boundaries." Matatu. 3.6 (1989):
Emecheta, Buchi. "Feminism with a Small 'f'." Criticism and Ideology. Ed. Kirstin Holst Peterson. 173-85.
Esonwanne, Uzoma. "Feminist Theory and the Discourse of Colonialism." Reimagining Women: Representations of Women in Culture. Ed. Shirley Neuman and Glennis Stephenson. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993. 233-55.
Frank, Katherine. "Feminist Criticism and the African Novel." African Literature Today. 14 (1984): 34-47.
---- "Women Without Men: The Feminist Novel in Africa." African Literature Today. 15 (1987): 13-34.
Grover, Daniel. "Agbala and Nneke: Gender and Tragedy in African Literature." The Literary Griot: International Journal of Black Oral and Literary Studies. 3.2 (1991): 17-27.
Hill-Lubin, Mildred A. "The Grandmother in African and African American Literature: A Survivor of the African Extended Family." Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature. Ed. Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1986. 257-70
Innes, C.L. "Virgin Territories and Motherlands: Colonial and Nationalist Representations of Africa and Ireland." Feminist Review. 47 (1994): 1-14.
James, Adeola. In Their Own Voices: African Women Writers Talking. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1990.
Johnson, Rotimi. "Womanism and Feminism in African Letters." The Literary Criterion. 25.2 (1990): 25-35.
Johnson-Odim, Cheryl. "Common Themes, Different Contexts: Third World Women and Feminism." Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism. Ed. Chandra Talpade Mohanty, Ann Russo, and Lourdes Torres. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1991. 314-27.
Julien, Eileen. African Novels and the Question of Orality. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1992.
Kalu, Antonia A. Those Left Out in the Rain: African Literary Theory and the Re-Invention of the African Woman. Tucson, AZ: Women's Studies, The University of Arizona, 1993.
Kane, Mohamadou. "La Feminisme dans le roman africain de langue francaise." University de Dakar Annales de Fac. des Lettres and Sciences Humaines. 10 (1980): 141-200.
Linton-Umeh, Marie. "The African Heroine." Sturdy Black Bridges. Ed. Roseann P. Bell, Bettye J. Parker and Beverly Guy-Sheftall. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1979. 39-51.
Lyonga, Pauline Nalova. Uhamiri or a Feminist Approach to African Literature: An Analysis of Selected Texts by Women in Oral and Written Literature. Diss. University of Michigan, 1985. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI, 1986. AAC 8520936.
Maqagi, Sisi. "Who Theorises?" Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa. 2.1 (1990): 22-25. Rpt. in South African Feminisms: Writing, Theory, and Criticism 1990-1994. Ed. M.J. Daymond. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996. 27-30.
Mazrui, Ali A.. "The Black Woman and the Problem of Gender: An African Perspective." Research in African Literatures. 24.1 (1993): 87-104.
Mugo, Micere Gathae. "Women and Books in Africa." Journal of the Humanities. 1 (1987): 91-100.
Ngcobo, Lauretta. "African Motherhood--Myth and Reality." Criticism and Ideology: Second African Writers Conference: Stockholm 1986. Ed. Kirstin Holst Petersen. Stockholm: Nordiska Afrikainstituted, 1988. 141-54.
---- "The African Woman Writer." A Double Colonization: Colonial and Post-Colonial Women's Writing. Mundelstrup, Denmark: Dangaroo, 1986. 81-2.
---- "Four Women Writers in Africa Today." South Africa Outlook. 114.1355 (1984): 64-69.
Nnaemeka, Obioma. "Bringing African Women into the Classroom: Rethinking Pedagogy and Epistemology." Borderwork: Feminist Engagements with Comparative Literature. Ed. Margaret R. Higonnet. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994. 301-18.
Nnaemka, Obioma, ed. The Politics of (M)othering: Identity and Resistance in African Literature. New York: Routledge, 1997.
Ngugi wa Thiong'o. Moving the Centre: The Struggle for Cultural Freedoms. London, Currey, 1993.
Nubukpo, Komla Messan. "Womanist Discourse and the Future of the Male Tradition in Modern African Literature." Bridges: An African Journal of English Studies/Revue Africaine d'Etudes Anglaises. 6 (1995): 59-66.
Nwankwo, Chimalum. "The Progressive Vision of African Womanhood: Toward a Typology." Griot. 6.2 (1987): 46-57.
Ogundipe-Leslie, Molara. "African Literature, Feminism and Social Change." Interview by Irene Assiba d'Almeida. Matatu (1995):
---- " The Female Writer and Her Commitment." Women in African Literature Today. Ed. Eldred D. Jones, Eustace Palmer and Marjorie Jones. London: James Curry, 1987. 5-13.
---- Recreating Ourselves: African Women and Critical Transformations. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1994.
Ogunjimi, Bayo. "Male Feminists: African Literature and the Debate on Radical Feminism." Caribe. (December 1990): 8-12.
Ogunyemi, Chikwenye O. "Womanism: The Dynamics of Contemporary Black Female Novel in English." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society. 11.1 (1985): 63-79.
Okonkwo, Juliet. "Cultural Revolution and the African Novel." The Black Scholar. 17.4 (1986): 11-16.
Peterson, Kirsten Holst. "First Things First: Problems of a Feminist Approach to African Literature." Kunapipi. 6.3 (1984): 35-47.
---- "Unpopular Opinions: Some African Women Writers." A Double Colonization: Colonial and Post-Colonial Women's Writing. Ed. Kirstin Holst Petersen and Anna Rutherford. Mundelstrop, Denmark: Dangaroo Press, 1986. 107-20.
Reid, Mark A.. "Dialogic Modes of Representing Africa(s): Womanist Film." Tang tai (Contemporary Monthly). 3.1 (1992): 38-52.
Ryan, Pamela. "The Future of African Feminism." Current Writing. 2 (1990): 26-29.
Rushing, Andrea Benton "Images of Black Women in Modern African Poetry: An Overview." Sturdy Black Bridges.Ed. Roseann P. Bell, Bettye J. Parker and Beverly Guy-Sheftall. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1979.
Schipper, Mineke. "Emerging from the Shadows: Changing Patterns in Gender Matters." Research in African Literatures. 27.1 (1996): 155-71.
---- "Mother Africa on a Pedestal: The Male Heritage in African Literature and Criticism." African Literature Today. 15 (1987): 35-54.
---- Source of All Evil: African Proverbs and Sayings on Women. London: Allison and Busby, 1991.
---- "Women and Literature in Africa." Unheard Words: Women and Literature in Africa, the Arab World, Asia, the Caribbean and Latin America. Ed. Mineke Shipper. London: Allison and Busby, 1984. 22-58.
Smith, Esther Y. "Images of Women in African Literature: Some examples of Inequality in the Colonial Period." Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature. Ed. Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1986. 27-44.
Stewart, Leisha. "Painful Truths of a SAMLA Convention." SAGE. 5 (Summer 1988): 71-2.
Stratton, Florence. Contemporary African Literature and the Politics of Gender. London: Routledge, 1994.
---- "The Shallow Grave: Archetypes of Female Experience in African Fiction." Research in African Literatures. 19.2 (1988): 143-69.
Swanepoel, C.F.. African Literature: Approaches and Applications. Pretoria: HAUM Tertiary, 1990.
Taiwo, Oladele. Female Novelists of Modern Africa. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985.
Wilentz, Gay. Binding Cultures: Black Women Writers in Africa and the Diaspora. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992.
Williams, Sherley Ann. "Some Implications of Womanist Theory." Crisscrossing Boundaries in African Literatures, 1986. Washington, DC: Three Continents Press and the African Literature Association, 1991. 51-57.
Mahrour, Nadia. L'image de la femme a travers la litterature est-africaine. Diss. University of Paris, 1987.
Woodhull, Winifred. Transfigurations of the Maghreb: Feminism, Decolonization, and Literatures. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993.
Adebayo, Aduke Grace. "Tearing the Veil of Invisibility: The Roles of West African Female Writers in Contemporary Times." New Visions of Creation: Feminist Innovations in Literary Theory. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1993. 64-75.
d'Almeida, Irene Assiba. Francophone African Women Writers: Destroying the Emptiness of Silence. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1994.
Berrian, Brenda. "The Afro-American-West African Marriage Question: Its Literary and Historical Contexts." African Literature Today 15 (1987): 152-159.
Borgomano, Madeleine. Voix et visages de femmes, dans les livres ecrits par des femmes en Afrique francophone. Abidjan: CEDA, 1989.
Holloway, Karla F. C. . Moorings and Metaphors: Figures of Culture and Gender in Black Women's Literature. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992.
Lee, Sonia. L'image de la femme dans le roman francophone de l'Afrique occidentale. Diss. University of Massachusetts, 1974.
---- "Changes in Mother Image in West African Fiction." Neohelicon 14.2 (1987): 139-150.
McCaffrey, Kathleen. "Images of Women in West African Literature and Film: A Struggle against Dual Colonization." International Journal of Women's Studies. 3 (1980): 76-88.
Malti-Douglas, Fedwa. Woman's Body, Woman's Word: Gender and Discourse in Arabo-Islamic Writing. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991.
Newell, Stephanie, ed. Writing African Women: Gender, Popular Culture, and Literature in West Africa. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Zed Books, 1997.
Clarke, Jan. "Moudjahidate: Women's Participation in the Algerian War of Independence as Represented in the Works of Algerian Women Writers." Bulletin of Francophone Africa. 4.7 (1995): 77-92.
Claudot, H. "Femme ideale et femmes sociales chez les Touaregs de l'Ahaggar." Production Pastorale et Societe Paris.14 (1984): 93-105.
Lazreg, Marnia. "Feminism and Difference: The Perils of Writing as a Woman in Algeria." Feminist Studies. 14.1 (1988): 81-107.
Roche, Anne. "Women's Literature in Algeria." Reserch in African Literatures. 23.2 (1992): 209-16.
Tahon, Marie-Blanche. "Women Novelists and Women in the Struggle for Algeria's National Liberation." Research in African Literatures. 23.2 (1992): 39-50.
Yacine, K. "La voix des femmes." Awal. 3 (1987): 1-27.
Jaccard, Anny-Claire. "Des textes novateurs: La Litterature feminine." Notre Librairies. 99 (1989): 155-61.
Lapacherie, Jean Gerard. "La Feminisme dans la Litterature egyptienne de langue francaise." Francofonia: Studi e Ricerche Sulle Letterature di Lingua Francese. 23 (1992): 21-32.
Maja-Pearce, Adewale. "We Were Feminists in Africa First." Index on Censorship. 19.9 (1990): 17-18.
O'Barr, Jean. "Feminist Issues in the Fiction of Kenya's Women." African Literature Today. 15 (1987): 55-70.
Pike, Charles. "Women Narrative Performers in Six Luiya Tsingano." Ba-Shiru: A Journal of African Languages and Literature. 12.2 (1985): 51-58.
Abu Manga, Al-Amin. "The Concept of Women in Fulani Narratives." Nigeria Magazine. 150 (1984): 52-8.
Boyd, Jean and Beverly Mack. "Women's Islamic Literature in Northern Nigeria: 150 Years of Tradition." The Marabout and the Muse: New Approaches to Islam in African Literature. Ed. Kenneth W. Harrow. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1996. 142-58.
Cobham-Sander, Rhonda. "Class vs. Sex: The Problem of Values in the Modern Nigerian Novel." Black-Scholar 17:4 (1986):17-27.
Coulon, Virginia. "Women at War: Nigerian Women Writers and the Civil War." Commonwealth Essays and Studies. 13.1 (1990):1-12.
Iesue, Renata. "Romance and Reality: Popular Writings by Nigerian Women." Commonwealth Essays and Studies. 13.1 (1990): 28-37.
Layiwola, Dele. "Womanism in Nigerian Folklore and Drama." African Notes. 11.1 (1987): 27-33.
Mack, Beverly. "Hausa Women Poets: Ghost Writers." Ba-Shiru: A Journal of African Languages and Literature. 12.2 (1985): 36-50.
---- "Songs from Silence: Hausa Women's Poetry." Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature. Ed: Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1986. 181-90.
---- "'Waka Daya Ba Ta Kare Nika'--One Song Will Not Finish the Grinding: Hausa Women's Oral Literature." Contemporary African Fiction. Ed. Hal Wylie, Eileen Julien and Russell J. Linnemann. Washington, DC: Three Continents Press, 1983. 15-48.
Nnaemeka, Obioma. "Towards a Feminist Criticism of Nigerian Literature." Feminist Issues. 9.1 (1989): 73-87.
Nwaigwe, Chinyere Anne. "Nigerian Women Writers and Feminism. OFIRIMA. 3 (1990-91): 8-9.
Ogundipe-Leslie, Molara. Re-Creating Ourselves: African Women and Critical Transformations. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1984.
Herzberger-Fofana, Pierrette. "L'Islam dans les romans feminins senegalais." Frankophone Literaturen ausserhalb Europas. Frankfurtam Main: Verlag Peter Lang, 1987. 97-104.
---- "La Litterature feminine francophone: Les Romancieres senegalaises." Franzosisch Heute. 16.4 (1985): 407-420.
Houedanou, Lucien. "Islam et societe dans la litterature feminine du Senegal." Nouvelles du Sud. 7 (1987): 159-70.
McNee, Lisa. Selfish Gifts: Sengalese Women's Autobiographical Discourses. Diss. Indiana University, Bloomington, 1996.
Kapteijns, Lidwien with Miriam Omar Ali. "Sittaat: Somali Women's Songs for the 'Mother of the Believers.'" The Marabout and the Muse: New Approaches to Islam in African Literature. Ed. Kenneth W. Harrow. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1996. 124-41.
Jama, Zainab Mohamed. "Fighting to Be Heard: Somali Women's Poetry." African Languages and Cultures. 4.1 (1991): 43-53.
Arnott, Jill. "French Feminism in a South African Frame? Gayatri Spivak and the Problem of Representation in South African Feminism." Pretexts. 3.1-2 (1991): 118-28. Rpt. in South African Feminisms: Writing, Theory, and Criticism 1990-1994. Ed. M.J. Daymond. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996. 77-89.
Ayling, R. "Literature of the Eastern Cape from Schreiner to Fugard." Ariel. 16.2 (1985): 77-98.
Bruner, Charlotte H. "There Is No Time in South Africa Now for Fairy Stories." World Literature Today. 61.3 (1987): 410-414.
Clayton, Cherry. "Post-Colonial, Post-Apartheid, Post-Feminist: Family and State in Prison Narratives by South African Women." Kunapipi. 13.1-2 (1991): 136-44.
Daymond, M.J. . "Introduction." South African Feminisms: Writing, Theory, and Criticism 1990-1994. Ed. M.J. Daymond. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996. xii-xliii.
---- "Text and Reception in Southern Africa." Current Writing. 2.1 (1990).
Flockemann, Miki. "Tradition and Transformation: One Never Knows." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature. 11.1 (1992): 113-23.
Halloway, Karla F.C.. Moorings and Metaphors: Figures of Culture and Gender in Black Women's Literature. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992.
Hofmeyr, Isabel. "Feminist Literary Criticism in South Africa." English in Africa. 19.1 (1992): 89-102.
Jaffer, Fatima. "Women and South Africa: Speak speaks no more." Kinesis. 11 (March 1995).
Lenta, Margaret. "The Need for a Feminism: Black Township Writing." Journal of Literary Studies Tydskrif Vir Literaturwetenskap. 4.1 (1988): 49-63.
Lewis, Desiree. "The Politics of Feminism in South Africa." Women's Studies International Forum. 16.5 (1993). Rpt. in South African Feminisms: Writing, Theory, and Criticism 1990-1994. Ed. M.J. Daymond. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996. 91-104.
Lockett, Cecily. "Feminism(s) and Writing in English in South Africa." Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa. 2.1 (1990): 1-21. Rpt. in South African Feminisms: Writing, Theory, and Criticism 1990-1994. Ed. M.J. Daymond. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996. 3-26.
---- "Searching for Words: Towards a Gynocritical Model for the Study of South African Women's Poetry." Journal of Literary Studies/ Tydskrif Vir Literaturwetenskap. 7.2 (1991): 146-63.
---- "South African Women's Poetry: A Gynocritical Perspective." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature. 11.1 (1992): 51-63.
Mofokeng, Boitumelo, Thandi Moses, Sanna Naidoo, Lebohang Sikwe, Veni Soobrayan and Nomhle Tokwe with M.J. Daymond and Margaret Lenta. "Workshop on Black Women's Writing and Reading." Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa 2. 1990. Rpt. in South African Feminisms: Writing, Theory, and Criticism 1990-1994. Ed. M.J. Daymond. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996. 107-29.
Muller, Carol. "Nazarite Women, Religious Narrative and the Construction of Cultural Truth and Power. "South African Feminisms: Writing, Theory, and Criticism 1990-1994. Ed. M.J. Daymond. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996. 155-168.
de Reuck, Jenny. "Writing Feminism: Theoretical Inscriptions in South Africa." Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa. 2.1 (1990): 30-34. Rpt. in South African Feminisms: Writing, Theory, and Criticism 1990-1994. Ed. M.J. Daymond. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996. 37-43.
Ryan, Pamela. "The Future of South African Feminism." Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa. 2.1 (1990): 26-29. Rpt. in South African Feminisms: Writing, Theory, and Criticism 1990-1994. Ed. M.J. Daymond. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996. 31-35.
Schalkwyk, David. "The Authority of Experience or the Tyranny of Discourse: An Inescapable Impasse?" Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa. 2.1 (1990): 45-70. Rpt. in South African Feminisms: Writing, Theory, and Criticism 1990-1994. Ed. M.J. Daymond. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996. 57-76.
Schipper, M.. "Emerging from the Shadows: Changing Patterns in Gender
Matters." Research in African Literatures, 27.1(1996):155-71.
Taylor, Elizabeth. "From the White House: A Toilet of One's Own." Renaissance and Modern Studies. 34 (1991): 28-44.
Wicomb, Zoe. "To Hear the Variety of Discourses." Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa. 2.1 (1990): 35-44. Rpt. in South African Feminisms: Writing, Theory, and Criticism 1990-1994. Ed. M.J. Daymond. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996.
Ela, Jean Mare. Images of Women in Zimbabwean Literature. Harare, Zimbabwe: The College Press, 1985.
Marshy, Mona. "Women and Literature in Tanzania and Zimbabwe." ISIS Women in Action. 2 (1989):11.
Veit-Wild, Flora. "Creating a New Society: Women's Writing in Zimbabwe." Journal of Commonwealth Literature. 22.1 (1987): 171-79.
Berrian, Brenda F. Bibliography of African Women Writers and Journalists. Washington, DC: Three Continents Press, 1985.
Davies, Carole Boyce. "A Bibliography of Criticism and Related Works." Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature. Ed. Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1986. 283-93.
Fister, Barbara. "Appendix V: Criticism." Third World Women's Literature. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995. 363-76.