Medicine and PhysiologyAbano, Pietro d'Abel, John Jacob Abreu, Aleixo de Achillini, Alessandro Acosta, Cristóbal Adam of Bodenstein Addison, Thomas Aëtius of Amida Agathinus, Claudius Agrippa, Heinrich Cornelius von Alberti, Salomon Albinus, Bernard Albinus, Bernard Siegfried Albinus, Christiaan Bernard Albinus, Frederik Bernard Albright, Fuller Alcmaeon of Crotona Alderotti, Taddeo Alexander of Tralles Allen, Edgar Apáthy, Stephan Aranzio, Giulio Cesare Archigenes Aretaeus of Cappadocia Arnald of Villanova Asclepiades Aselli, Gaspare Assalti, Pietro Astruc, Jean Athenaeus of Attalia Auenbrugger, Joseph Leopold Baccelli, Guido Baier, Johann Jacob Baillie, Matthew Baillou, Guillaume de Banti, Guido Banting, Frederick Grant Bárány, Robert Barbour, Henry Gray Barchusen, Johann Conrad Barclay, John Bartholin, Caspar Bartholin, Thomas Bartolotti, Gian Giacomo Barton, Benjamin Smith Bastian, Henry Charlton Bates, Marston Bauhin, Gaspard Baumé, Antoine Bayen, Pierre Bayliss, William Maddock Bay?ar al-Malaqi, ?iya? al-din Abu Mu?hammad ?Abdallah Ibn A?mad Ibn al- Beccari, Nello Beddoes, Thomas Beevor, Charles Edward Behring, Emil von Bekhterev, Vladimir Mikhailovich Belar, Karl Bell, Charles Belleval, Pierre Richer de Bellini, Lorenzo Benedetti, Alessandro Benivieni, Antonio Bensley, Robert Russell Bérard, Joseph Frédéric Berengario da Carpi, Giacomo Berger, Hans Berger, Johann Gottfried Bérigard, Claude Guillermet de Beringer, Johann Bartholomaeus Adam Bernoulli, Daniel Bert, Paul Best, Charles Herbert Bichat, Marie-François-Xavier Bidder, Friedrich Heinrich Bidloo, Govard Bilharz, Theodor Billroth, Christian Albert Theodor Bischoff, Theodor Ludwig Wilhelm Black, Davidson Black, James Black, Joseph Blainville, Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blair, Patrick Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich Boerhaave, Hermann Bogdanov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Bohn, Johannes Bohr, Christian Harald Lauritz Peter Emil Bolk, Lodewijk Bonomo, Giovan Cosimo Bordet, Jules Bordeu, Théophile de Borel, Pierre Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso Borgognoni of Lucca, Theodoric Bostock, John Botallo, Leonardo Bourdelot, Pierre Michon Bowman, William Bradford, Joshua Taylor Bredon, Simon Breschet, Gilbert Bretonneau, Pierre Breuer, Josef Bright, Richard Broca, Pierre Paul Brüdel, Max Brodie, Benjamin Collins Broussais, François Joseph Victor Brumpt, Émile Brunschwig, Hieronymus Brunton, Thomas Lauder Büchner, Friedrich Karl Christian Ludwig Bucholz, Christian Friedrich Budd, William Buonamici, Francesco Burdenko, Nicolai Nilovich Burdon-Sanderson, John Scott Burger, Herman Carel Busk, George Bu?lan, Abu?l-?asan al-Mukhtar Ibn ?Abdun Ibn Sa?dun Ibn Cabanis, Pierre-Jean-Georges Cadet de Gassicourt, Charles- Louis Cadet de Vaux, Antoine-Alexis- François Caius, John Caldani, Leopoldo Marcantonio Camerarius, Rudolph Jakob Camper, Peter Canano, Giovan Battista Cardano, Girolamo Carlisle, Anthony Carpenter, William Benjamin Carrel, Alexis Casal Julian, Gaspar Roque Francisco Narciso Casseri, Giulio Castaldi, Luigi Cervantes, Vicente Cesalpino, Andrea Chagas, Carlos Ribeiro Justiniano Charcot, Jean-Baptiste Charcot, Jean-Martin Chardenon, Jean Pierre Charleton, Walter Chauliac, Guy de Chauveau, Jean-Baptiste Auguste Chevallier, Jean-Baptiste- Alphonse Cheyne, George Chiarugi, Giulio Claus, Carl Ernst Clift, William Coghill, George Ellett Cogrossi, Carlo Francesco Coiter, Volcher Colden, Cadwallader Collip, James Bertram Colombo, Realdo Constantine the African Cordus, Euricius Cordus, Valerius Cornette, Claude-Melchior Corti, Alfonso Giacomo Gaspare Corvisart, Jean-Nicolas Cotugno, Domenico Felice Antonio Councilman, William Thomas Creighton, Charles Crollius, Oswald Cruikshank, William Cumberland Cruveilhier, Jean Cruz, Oswaldo Gonçalves Cullen, William Cushing, Harvey Williams Cushny, Arthur Robertson Czermak, Johann Nepomuk Dale, Henry Hallett Daléchamps, Jacques Dalton, John Call Danforth, Charles Haskell Darwin, Erasmus Daubenton, Louis-Jean-Marie Davaine, Casimir Joseph Davison, William Delage, Yves Denis, Jean-Baptiste Descourtilz, Michel Étienne Diocles of Carystus Dioscorides, Pedanius Dodoens, Rembert Domagk, Gerhard Dombey, Joseph Dominicus de Clavasio, Dominicus de Donaldson, Henry Herbert Donders, Franciscus Cornelis Dondi, Giovanni Dorn, Gerard Douglas, James Dubini, Angelo Dubois, Jacques Du Bois–Reymond, Emil Heinrich Duboscq, Octave Duchesne, Joseph Dunglison, Robley Dutrochet, René-Joachim-Henri Duval, Mathias Marie Duverney, Joseph-Guichard Dyadkovsky, Iustin Evdokimovich Ebel, Johann Gottfried Eberth, Carl Joseph Edwardes, David Egas Moniz, Antonio Caetano de Abreu Freire Ehrlich, Paul Eijkman, Christiaan Eller von Brockhausen, Johann Theodor Elliot Smith, Grafton Ent, George Erasistratus Erastus, Thomas Escherich, Theodor Eschscholtz, Johann Friedrich Estienne, Charles Eustachi, Bartolomeo Ewing, James Fabrici, Girolamo Falloppio, Gabriele Fernel, Jean François Ferrein, Antoine Ferrier, David Feulgen, Robert Joachim Fick, Adolf Eugen Fiessinger, Noël Fink, Thomas Finlay, Carlos Juan Finsen, Niels Ryberg Fitch, Asa Flechsig, Paul Emil Flemming, Walther Flexner, Simon Florey, Howard Walter Fludd, Robert Fontana, Felice Forel, Auguste-Henri Fourcroy, Antoine François de Fracastoro, Girolamo Freind, John Frisch, Karl Ritter von Fritsch, Gustav Theodor Fuchs, Leonhart Fulton, John Farquhar Gaffky, Georg Theodor August Gagliardi, Domenico Gaimard, Joseph Paul Galeazzi, Domenico Gusmano Galen Gall, Franz Joseph Galvani, Luigi Garnett, Thomas Garnot, Prosper Garrod, Archibald Edward Gaultier de Claubry, Henri- François Gay, Frederick Parker Gayant, Louis Gehlen, Adolf Ferdinand Geminus, Thomas Geoffroy, Étienne François Geoffroy, Étienne Louis Gerard, John Gerbezius, Marcus Gesner, Konrad Ghisi, Martino Giles of Rome Girtanner, Christoph Glaser, Christopher Glaser, Johann Heinrich Glauber, Johann Rudolph Glisson, Francis Gohory, Jacques Goldberger, Joseph Golgi, Camillo Goltz, Friedrich Leopold Goodrich, Edwin Stephen Goodsir, John Gould, Augustus Addison Graaf, Regnier de Gram, Hans Christian Joachim Grassi, Giovanni Battista Gratiolet, Louis Pierre Gray, Henry Gregory, William King Gruber, Max von Gruby, David Gudden, Johann Bernhard Aloys von Guidi, Guido Guinter, Joannes Gullstrand, Allvar Hahnemann, Christian Friedrich Samuel Hales, Stephen Hall, Marshall Haller, Albrecht von Hallier, Ernst Hans Halsted, William Stewart Harington, Charles Robert Harlan, Richard Harpestraeng, Henrik Hart, Edwin Bret Hartmann, Johannes Harvey, William Havers, Clopton Heidenhain, Martin Heister, Lorenz Hektoen, Ludvig Helmholtz, Hermann von Helmont, Johannes Henle, Friedrich Gustav Jacob Henry of Mondeville Herapath, William Bird Herophilus Heurne, Jan van Hewson, William Hiärne, Urban Highmore, Nathaniel Hippocrates of Cos Hirszfeld, Ludwig His, Wilhelm Hitzig, Eduard Hoeven, Jan van Der Hoffmann, Friedrich Hofmeister, Franz Home, Everard Horne, Johannes van Horsley, Victor Alexander Haden Hosack, David Houghton, Douglass Houssay, Bernardo Alberto Huber, Johann Jacob ?unayn Ibn Is?aq al-?Ibadi, Abu Zayd Hundt, Canis Hunt, Reid Hunter, John Hunter, William Huschke, Emil Hyrtl, Joseph Ingen-Housz, Jan Ingrassia, Giovanni Filippo Isaac Israeli Isaacs, Charles Edward Is?aq Ibn ?unayn, Abu Ya?qub Jackson, Charles Thomas Jackson, John Hughlings Jaeger, Georg Friedrich Jenner, Edward Jensen, Carl Oluf Jonston, John Juljul, Sulayman Ibn ?asan Ibn Juncker, Johann Keilin, David Keill, James Keith, Arthur Kellner, David Kelser, Raymond Alexander Kendall, Edward Calvin Khunrath, Conrad Khunrath, Heinrich Kidd, John Kielmeyer, Carl Friedrich King, Harold Knox, Robert Koch, Heinrich Hermann Robert Koelliker, Rudolf Albert von Koltzoff, Nikolai Konstantinovich Künig, Emanuel Kunitz, Moses La Brosse, Guy de Laennec, Théophile-René- Hyacinthe La Mettrie, Julien Offray de Lamy, Guillaume Lancisi, Giovanni Maria Landsteiner, Karl Lange, Carl Georg Langerhans, Paul Larghi, Bernardino La Rive, Charles-Gaspard de Lashley, Karl Spencer Laurens, André du Laveran, Charles-Louis- Alphonse Lawrence, William Le Cat, Claude-Nicolas Le Double, Anatole Félix Le Febvre, Nicaise Lehmann, Johann Gottlob Lemery, Louis Lemery, Nicolas Leonardo da Vinci Leonhardi, Johann Gottfried Leoniceno, Nicolò Le Roy, Charles Leuckart, Karl Georg Friedrich Rudolf Leuret, François Levaditi, Constantin Levi, Giuseppe Levit, Solomon Grigorevich Levitskii, Grigorii Andreevich Lewis, Thomas Lewis, Timothy Richards Lewis, William Leydig, Franz von Libavius, Andreas Liceaga, Eduardo Lieberkühn, Johannes Nathanael Lieutaud, Joseph Linacre, Thomas Lind, James Linnaeus, Carl Li Shih-Chen, hao P'in-hu Lister, Joseph Lloyd, John Uri Loeb, Leo Loeffler, Friedrich August Johannes Loewi, Otto Long, Cyril Norman Hugh Lorry, Anne Charles Lower, Richard Luna, Emerico Lusitanus, Amatus Lusk, Graham Lustig, Alessandro Macbride, David McClung, Clarence Erwin McCollum, Elmer Verner MacLeod, Colin Munro Magati, Cesare Magendie, François Maggi, Bartolomeo Magnenus, Johann Chrysostom Magnus, Rudolf Magnus-Levy, Adolf Maimonides, Rabbi Moses Ben Maimon Majusi, Abu'l-?asan ?Ali Ibn ?Abbas al- Mall, Franklin Paine Malouin, Paul-Jacques Malpighi, Marcello Manardo, Giovanni Manson, Patrick Mantegazza, Paolo Marchi, Vittorio Marchiafava, Ettore Marci of Kronland, Johannes Marcus Marie, Pierre Marliani, Giovanni Marrack, John Richardson Martin, Charles James Martínez, Crisóstomo Marum, Martin van Mascagni, Paolo Massa, Niccolo Mattioli, Pietro Andrea Gregorio Mayo, Herbert Meckel, Johann Friedrich Meissner, Georg Mellanby, Edward Meltzer, Samuel James Meneghetti, Egidio Menghini, Vincenzo Antonio Menuret de Chambaud, Jean Jacques Mercati, Michele Méry, Jean Mesmer, Franz Anton Mesnil, Félix Metchnikoff, Elie Michelini, Famiano Millington, Thomas Millon, Auguste-Nicolas-Eugène Minkowski, Oskar Minot, Charles Sedgwick Minot, George Richards Mitchell, Silas Weir Moffett, Thomas Moleschott, Jacob Monardes, Nicolás Bautista Mondino de'Luzzi Monro, Alexander (1697–1767) Monro, Alexander (1733–1817) Morgagni, Giovanni Battista Morichini, Domenico Lino Morin, Jean-Baptiste Moss, William Lorenzo Mottram, James Cecil Müller, Johannes Peter Nafis, ?Ala? al-Din Abu 'L-?asan ?Ali Ibn Abi ?L-?azm al- Qurashi Ibn al- Neander, Michael Negri, Adelchi Neisser, Albert Ludwig Sigesmund Nemesius Neubauer, Otto Nicolle, Charles Jules Henri Nifo, Agostino Nissl, Franz Nostradamus, Michael de Nylander, Fredrik Oddi, Ruggero Olbers, Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Oribasius Orta, Garcia d' Osterhout, Winthrop John Vanleuven Oudemans, Corneille Antoine Jean Abram Overton, Charles Ernest Owen, Richard Pacchioni, Antonio Pacini, Filippo Pander, Christian Heinrich Papanicolaou, George Nicholas Paracelsus, Theophrastus Philippus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim Paré, Ambroise Parkinson, James Parmentier, Antoine-Augustin Pasteur, Louis Paul of Aegina Paulli, Simon Pecquet, Jean Pekelharing, Cornelis Adrianus Peletier, Jacques Pelletier, Pierre-Joseph Pemberton, Henry Penny, Frederick Pensa, Antonio Perrault, Claude Perroncito, Edoardo Personne, Jacques Pettenkofer, Max Josef von Pezard, Albert Philinus of Cos Philip, Alexander Philips Wilson Philolaus of Crotona Pianese, Giuseppe Piccolomini, Arcangelo Pincus, Gregory Goodwin Pinel, Philippe Pires, Tomé Pirogov, Nikolay Ivanovich Piso, Willem Pitcairn, Archibald Platter, Félix Plencic, Marcus Antonius Plummer, Andrew Poggiale, Antoine-Baudoin Pollender, Aloys Porta, Luigi Portal, Antoine Pourfour du Petit, François Power, Frederick Belding Praxagoras of Cos Prevost, Jean-Louis Priestley, John Gillies Pringle, John Procháska, Georgius Prowazek, Stanislaus von Lanov Prudden, Theophil Mitchell Pruner Bey, Franz Ignace Quatrefages de Bréau, Jean- Louis-Armand de Quff, Amin al-Dawlah Abu al- Faraj Ibn Muwaffaq al-Din Ya?Qub Ibn Is?aq al-Masihi al- Karaki Ibn al- Qus?a Ibn Luqa al-Ba?labakki Qu?b al-Din al-Shirazi Rabelais, François Rabl, Cari Raman, Chandrasekhara Venkata Ramon, Gaston Ramón y Cajal, Santiago Raspail, François-Vincent Rathke, Martin Heinrich Razi, Abu Bakr Mu?ammad Ibn Zakariyya al- Redi, Francesco Reed, Walter Reil, Johann Christian Remak, Robert Renaut, Joseph-Louis Retzius, Anders Adolf Retzius, Magnus Gustaf Richards, Alfred Newton Richardson, Benjamin Ward Ricketts, Howard Taylor Riddle, Oscar Ri?wan, Abu'l-?asan ?Ali Ibn ?Ali Ibn Ja?afar al-Mi?ri Ibn Rima, Tommaso Ringer, Sydney Río-Hortega, Pío del Riolan, Jean Riva-Rocci, Scipione Robiquet, Pierre-Jean Rolando, Luigi Rolfinck, Guerner Rolleston, George Rollet, Joseph-Pierre-Martin Rondelet, Guillaume Roomen, Adriaan van Rosenblueth, Arturo Ross, Ronald Rossiter, Roger James Rostan, Léon Louis Roux, Wilhelm Rubner, Max Rudbeck, Olof Rudolphi, Karl Asmund Ruel, Jean Ruffini, Paolo Ruffo, Giordano Rufinus Rufus of Ephesus Ruini, Carlo Ruland, Martin Rülein, Ulrich Ruscelli, Girolamo Rush, Benjamin Rushd, Abu'l-Walid Mu?ammad Ibn A?mad Ibn Mu?ammad Ibn Ruysch, Frederik Sabatier, Armand Sabin, Florence Rena Sacco, Luigi Sala, Angelo Salernitan Anatomists Salomonsen, Carl Julius Salviani, Ippolito Samarqandi, Najib al-Din Abu ?amid Mu?ammad Ibn ?Ali Ibn ?Umar al- Samaw?al, Ibn Ya?ya al-Maghribi al- Samoylov, Aleksandr Filippovich Sanarelli, Giuseppe Sanchez, Francisco Santorini, Giovanni Domenico Santorio, Santorio Scaliger, Julius Caesar Scarpa, Antonio Schaudinn, Fritz Richard Scheele, Carl Wilhelm Schegk, Jakob Scheuchzer, Johann Jakob Schmidel, Casimir Christoph Schmiedeberg, Johann Ernst Schneider, Friedrich Anton Schünlein, Johann Lucas Schrader, Franz Schroeder van der Kolk, Jacobus Ludovicus Conradus Schultze, Max Johann Sigismund Semmelweis, Ignaz Philipp Semon, Richard Wolfgang Senac, Jean-Baptiste Sennert, Daniel Sergent, Edmond Serres, Antoine Étienne Reynaud Augustin Sertürner, Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Ferdinand Serullas, Georges-Simon Severino, Marco Aurelio Severinus, Petrus Severtsov, Aleksey Nikolaevich Sextus Empiricus Sharpey, William Sheppard, Philip MacDonald Sherrington, Charles Scott Siebold, Carl Theodor Ernst von Siedlecki, Michal Sigaud de Lafond, Joseph- Aignan Sina, Abu ?Ali al-?usayn Ibn ?Abdallah Ibn Sinan Ibn Thabit Ibn Qurra, Abu Sa?id Škoda, Josef Skryabin, Konstantin Ivanovich Sloane, Sir Hans Smith, Edward Smith, Philip Edward Snow, John Soemmerring, Samuel Thomas Soranus of Ephesus Spiegel, Adriaan van den Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim Spurzheim, Johann Christoph Stahl, Georg Ernst Stanley, Wendell Meredith Stannius, Hermann Friedrich Starkey, George Steenbock, Harry Stensen, Niels Stevens, Edward Stevens, Nettie Maria Stiles, Charles Wardell Struss, Józef Suchten, Alexander Sudhoff, Karl Friedrich Jakob Sutton, Walter Stanborough Swieten, Gerard van Sydenham, Thomas Sylvius, Franciscus Dele Boë ?abari, Abu'l-?asan A?mad Ibn Mu?ammad al- ?abari, Abu'l-?asan ?Ali Ibn Sahl Rabban al- Tabor, John Tachenius, Otto Teichmann, Ludwik Karol Ten Rhyne, Willem Testut, Jean Léo Thabit Ibn Qurra, al-?abi? al- ?arrani Thayer, William Sydney Thurnam, John Tibbon, Moses Ben Samuel Ibn Tiedemann, Friedrich Tilmidh, Amin al-Dawla Abu'l- ?asan Hibat Allah Ibn ?a?id Ibn al- Torre, Marcantonio della Toscanelli dal Pozzo, Paolo Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de Townsend, Joseph Troja, Michele Trommsdorff, Johann Bartholomäus Trulli, Giovanni ?ufayl, Abu Bakr Mu?ammad Ibn Tulp, Nicholaas Türck, Ludwig Turner, William (1508–1568) Turner, William (1832–1916) Turquet de Mayerne, Theodore Tyson, Edward Ulstad, Philipp Unzer, Johann August Valentin, Gabriel Gustav Valentine, Basil Vallisnieri, Antonio Valsalva, Anton Maria Valverde, Juan de Varolio, Costanzo Vassale, Giulio Vastarini-Cresi, Giovanni Venel, Gabriel François Verney, Ernest Basil Vesalius, Andreas Vesling, Johann Vicq d'Azyr, Félix Vieussens, Raymond Vigani, John Francis Vigo, Giovanni da Virchow, Rudolf Carl Vogt, Carl Wackenroder, Heinrich Wilhelm Ferdinand Wafid, Abu al-Mu?arrif ?Abd al- Ra?man Ibn Wagner, Rudolph Wagner von Jauregg, Julius Wa?shiyya, Abu Bakr A?mad Ibn ?Ali Ibn al-Mukhtar Ibn Waksman, Selman Abraham Waldeyer-Hartz, Wilhelm von Waller, Augustus Volney Wassermann, August Paul von Watson, Hewett Cottrell Watson, William Weber, Ernst Heinrich Webster, John Wedel, Georg Wolfgang Weichselbaum, Anton Weigert, Carl Weinberg, Wilhelm Welch, William Henry Wells, Harry Gideon Wells, William Charles Wepfer, Johann-Jakob Wernicke, Carl Wertheim, Ernst Wharton, Thomas White, Charles Whytt, Robert Wickersheimer, Ernest Wiedersheim, Robert Wiegleb, Johann Christian Williams, Robert Runnels Willis, Thomas Williston, Samuel Wendell Wilson, Edmund Beecher Winsløw, Jacob Winthrop, John Wistar, Caspar Withering, William Wood, Horatio C. Wotton, Edward Wright, Almroth Edward Wu, Hsien Wyman, Jeffries Yersin, Alexandre Zahrawi, Abu'l-Qasim Khalaf Ibn ?Abbas al- Zalužanský Ze Zalužan, Adam Zambeccari, Giuseppe Zinsser, Hans Zuhr, Abu Marwan ?Abd al- Malik Ibn Abi'l-?Ala? Ibn Zwelfer, Johann |