Philosophy
and Religion
Abailard,
Pierre
Abano,
Pietro d'
Abu'l-Barakāt
al-Baghdādī, Hibat Allah
Abū
Maʿshar al-Balkhī, Jaʿfar Ibn Muḥammad
Adanson,
Michel
Agol,
Izrail' Iosifovich
Agrippa,
Heinrich Cornelius von
Ailly,
Pierre d'
Alain
de Lille, Alanus de
Albert
of Saxony
Alcmaeon
of Crotona
Alexander
of Aphrodisias
Alsted,
Johann Heinrich
Ames,
William
Ammonius,
Son of Hermias
Anatolius
of Alexandria
Anaxagoras
Anaximander
Anaximenes
of Miletus
Andreae,
Johann Valentin
Apelt,
Ernst Friedrich
Aquinas,
Saint Thomas
Archytas
of Tarentum
Argoli,
Andrea
Augustine
of Hippo, Saint, Aurelius
Bachelard,
Gaston
Bacon,
Francis
Bacon,
Roger
Bain,
Alexander
Bājja,
Abū Bakr Muḥammad Ibn Yaḥyā Ibn al-ṢāʾIgh
Ibn
Baranzano,
Giovanni Antonio
Bartholin,
Caspar
Basso,
Sebastian
Bede,
the Venerable
Bellarmine,
Robert
Bergson,
Henri-Louis
Bérigard,
Claude Guillermet de
Berkeley,
George
Bernard
of Chartres, Bernardus
Bernard
of Le Treille
Bernard
Silvestre, Bernard de
Białobrzeski,
Czesław
Bickerton,
Alexander William
Bisterfeld,
Johann Heinrich
Biṭrūjī
al-Ishbīlī, Abū Isḥāq al-
Blasius
of Parma
Boehme,
Jacob
Boethius,
Anicius Manlius Severinus
Bogdanov,
Aleksandr Aleksandrovich
Bohr,
Niels Henrik David
Bolzano,
Bernard
Bonnet,
Charles
Borro,
Girolamo
Bošković,
Rudjer J.
Boullanger,
Nicolas-Antoine
Bourguet,
Louis
Boutroux,
Pierre Léon
Bouvelles,
Charles
Boyle,
Robert
Bradwardine,
Thomas
Braun,
Alexander Carl Heinrich
Bridgman,
Percy Williams
Bruno,
Giordano
Brunschvicg,
Léon
Büchner,
Friedrich Karl Christian Ludwig
Buonamici,
Francesco
Burgersdijk,
Frank
Buridan,
Jean
Burley,
Walter
Cabanis,
Pierre-Jean-Georges
Calcidius
Campanella,
Tommaso
Campbell,
Norman Robert
Cardano,
Girolamo
Carr,
Herbert Wildon
Carus,
Paul
Cassirer,
Ernst Alfred
Cavendish,
Henry
Celaya,
Juan de
Cesalpino,
Andrea
Chapman,
Sydney
Charleton,
Walter
Cheyne,
George
Chwistek,
Leon
Ciruelo,
Pedro
Clarke,
Samuel
Cohen,
Morris Raphael
Comenius,
John Amos
Comte,
Isidore Auguste Marie François Xavier
Condillac,
Étienne Bonnot, Abbé de
Coronel,
Luis Nuñez
Cournot,
Antoine-Augustin
Couturat,
Louis
Crescas,
Hasdai
Crousaz,
Jean-Pierre de
Cudworth,
Ralph
Cusa,
Nicholas von
Dantzig,
David van
Deluc,
Jean André
Derham,
William
Desaguliers,
John Theophilus
Desargues,
Girard
Descartes,
René du Perron
Dietrich
von Freiberg
Digby,
Kenelm
Dingler,
Hugo Albert Emil Hermann
Dodgson,
Charles Lutwidge
Dominicus
de Clavasio, Dominicus de
Domninus
of Larissa
Dürffel,
Georg Samuel
Dorotheus
of Sidon
Driesch,
Hans Adolf Eduard
Dudith,
Andreas
Duhem,
Pierre-Maurice-Marie
Dullaert
of Ghent, Jean
Duns
Scotus, John
Dürer,
Albrecht
Dyadkovsky,
Iustin Evdokimovich
Empedocles
of Acragas
Engels,
Friedrich
Enriques,
Federigo
Epicurus
Erastus,
Thomas
Eriugena,
Johannes Scottus
Errera,
Léo-Abram
Eudemus
of Rhodes
Fabri,
Honoré
Fārābī,
Abū Naṣr Muḥammad Ibn Muḥammad Ibn Ṭarkhan Ibn
Awzalagh al-
Firmicus
Maternus
Forster,
Georg Adam
Forster,
Johann Reinhold
Fracastoro,
Girolamo
Francis
of Marchia
Francis
of Meyronnes
Franck,
Sebastian
Frank,
Philipp
Frege,
Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob
Fries,
Jakob Friedrich
Garnett,
Thomas
Gassendi,
Pierre
Gentzen,
Gerhard
Giles
of Lessines
Glanvill,
Joseph
Glisson,
Francis
Gravesande,
Willem Jacob 's
Green,
George
Greenwood,
Isaac
Grisogono,
Federico de
Grosseteste,
Robert
Gundissalinus,
Dominicus
Haldane,
Richard Burdon
Hamilton,
William
Harris,
John
Helmholtz,
Hermann von
Helmont,
Johannes
Heraclitus
of Ephesus
Herbart,
Johann Friedrich
Herbrand,
Jacques
Hermes
Trismegistus
Heytesbury,
William
Heyting,
Arend
Ibn
Hibintā
Hippias
of Elis
Hobbes,
Thomas
Hoëné-Wroński,
Józef Maria
Holbach,
Paul Henri Thiry
Hume,
David
Ḥunayn
Ibn Isḥāq al-ʿIbādī, Abū Zayd
Hutton,
James
Hypatia
Iamblichus
Isaac
Israeli
James,
William
James
of Venice
Jevons,
William Stanley
Johannes
Lauratius de Fundis
John
of Dumbleton
John
of Gmunden
John
Philoponus
Johnson,
William Ernest
Jungius,
Joachim
Kalmár,
László
Kant,
Immanuel
Khayyāmī,
Ghiyāth al-Dīn Abu'l- Fath ʿUmar Ibn Ibrāhīm al-
Nīsā-Būrī al-
Khunrath,
Heinrich
Kindī,
Abū Yūsuf Yaʿqūb Ibn Isḥāq
al-Ṣabbāḥ al-
Knott,
Cargill Gilston
Kraft,
Jens
Lambert,
Johann Heinrich
Lamétherie,
Jean-Claude de
La
Mettrie, Julien Offray de
Lamy,
Guillaume
Lax,
Gaspar
Leibniz,
Gottfried Wilhelm
Lenin,
Vladimir Ilyich
Le
Roy, Édouard
Leslie,
John
Leśniewski,
Stanislaw
Leucippus
Levi
Ben Gerson
Libavius,
Andreas
Locke,
John
Lotze,
Hermann Rudolph
Lovejoy,
Arthur Oncken
Lucretius
Macrobius,
Ambrosius Theodosius
Magnenus,
Johann Chrysostom
Maimonides,
Rabbi Moses Ben Maimon
Maior,
John
Malebranche,
Nicolas
Manilius,
Marcus
Mansion,
Paul
Marinus
Marsilius
of Inghen de
Martin,
Benjamin
Marum,
Martin van
Marx,
Karl
Māshāʾallāh
Mersenne,
Marin
Metzger,
Hélène
Meyerson,
Émile
Michael
Scot
Milhaud,
Gaston
Mill,
John Stuart
Moerbeke,
William Of, Guillelmus de
Montesquieu,
Charles-Louis de Secondat
Montgomery,
Edmund Duncan
More,
Henry
Morgan,
Conwy Lloyd
Morin,
Jean-Baptiste
Muḥyi
'L-Dīn al-maghribī
Newton,
Isaac
Nieuwentijt,
Bernard
Nifo,
Agostino
Nostradamus,
Michael de
Ockham,
William of
Oken,
Lorenz
Oresme,
Nicole
Osiander,
Andreas
Paley,
William
Paracelsus,
Theophrastus Philippus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim
Parmenides
of Elea
Pascal,
Blaise
Patrizi,
Francesco
Paul
of Alexandria
Paul
of Venice
Peano,
Giuseppe
Peirce,
Charles Sanders
Pereira,
Benedictus
Petosiris,
Pseudo-
Philolaus
of Crotona
Plato
Plato
of Tivoli
Plotinus
Polányi,
Mihály
Polinière,
Pierre
Pomponazzi,
Pietro
Porta,
Giambattista Della
Posidonius
Post,
Emil Leon
Prévost,
Isaac-Bénédict
Prevost,
Pierre
Priestley,
Joseph
Proclus
Psellus,
Michael
Pythagoras
of Samos
Qabīṣī,
Abū al-Ṣaqr ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Ibn ʿUthmān Ibn
ʿAlī al-
Quff,
Amīn al-Dawlah Abū al- Faraj Ibn Muwaffaq al-Dīn
YaʿQūb Ibn Isḥāq al-Masīhī al- Karakī Ibn
al-
Quṭb
al-Dīn al-Shīrāzī
Rádl,
Emanuel
Ramus,
Peter
Rāzī,
Abū Bakr Muḥammad Ibn Zakariyyā al-
Reichenbach,
Hans
Rey,
Abel
Rittenhouse,
David
Robinet,
Jean-Baptiste René
Robinson,
Abraham
Roger
of Hereford
Rohault,
Jacques
Rooke,
Lawrence
Rowning,
John
Ruffini,
Paolo
Rushd,
Abu'l-Walīd Muḥammad Ibn Aḥmad Ibn Muḥammad Ibn
Sabatier,
Armand
Samarqandī,
Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad Ibn Ashraf al- Ḥusaynī al-
Sanchez,
Francisco
Sarpi,
Paolo
Savage,
Leonard Jimmie
Scaliger,
Julius Caesar
Schegk,
Jakob
Schelling,
Frederick Wilhelm Joseph von
Schickard,
Wilhelm
Schlick,
Friedrich Albert
Servetus,
Michael
Sextus
Empiricus
Shirakatsí,
Anania
Shizuki,
Tadao
Siger
of Brabant
Sijzī,
Abū Saʿīd Aḥmad Ibn Muḥammad Ibn ʿAbd
al-Jalīl al-
Simon
de Phares
Simplicius
Sīnā,
Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn Ibn ʿAbdallāh Ibn
Soto,
Domingo de
Spencer,
Herbert
Speusippus
Sphujidhvaja
Śrīpati
Stallo,
Johann Bernhard
Stephanus
of Alexandria
Stewart,
Matthew
Stifel,
Michael
Strato
of Lampsacus
Swedenborg,
Emanuel
Swineshead,
Richard
Ṭabarī,
Abu'l-Ḥasan Aḥmad Ibn Muḥammad al-
Ṭabarī,
Abu'l-Ḥasan ʿAlī Ibn Sahl Rabbān al-
Telesio,
Bernardino
Thābit
Ibn Qurra, al-Ṣābiʾ al- Ḥarrānī
Thales
Themistius
Theophrastus
Thévenot,
Melchisédech
Thierry
of Chartres
Thomas
of Cantimpré, Thomas
Tibbon,
Moses Ben Samuel Ibn
Tilloch,
Alexander
Tilmīdh,
Amīn al-Dawla Abu'l- Ḥasan Hibat Allāh Ibn
Ṣaʿīd Ibn al-
Towneley,
Richard
Tschirnhaus,
Ehrenfried Walther
Ṭufayl,
Abū Bakr Muḥammad Ibn
Tunstall,
Cuthbert
Turgot,
Anne-Robert-Jacques
Ṭūsī,
Muḥammad Ibn Muḥammad Ibn al-Ḥasan al-
Tyndall,
John
Ulrich
of Strasbourg
ʿUmar
Ibn al-Farrukhān al- Ṭabarī
Vailati,
Giovanni
Vanini,
Giulio Cesare
Varāhamihira
Venn,
John
Virey,
Julien-Joseph
Vives,
Juan Luis
Volkmann,
Paul Oskar Eduard
Volterra,
Vito
Waḥshiyya,
Abū Bakr Aḥmad Ibn ʿAlī Ibn al-Mukhtār Ibn
Walch,
Johann Ernst Immanuel
Weigel,
Valentin
Wells,
William Charles
Whately,
Richard
Whewell,
William
White,
Thomas
Whitehead,
Alfred North
Whittaker,
Edmund Taylor
Wien,
Wilhelm Carl Werner Otto Fritz Franz
Wiener,
Ludwig Christian
Wilkins,
John
William
of Auvergne
William
of Sherwood
William
the Englishman
Winthrop,
John
Witelo
Wittgenstein,
Ludwig
Wolff,
Christian
Xenocrates
of Chalcedon
Xenophanes
Yavaneśvara
Young,
Thomas
Zabarella,
Jacopo
Zacuto,
Abraham Bar Samuel Bar Abraham
Zeno
of Citium
Zeno
of Elea
Zeno
of Sidon