A literature search at Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
The following MEDLINE items were compiled using SilverPlatter and are presented here with their generous co-operation and permission. (See SilverPlatter's Worldwide Library for bibliographic search information.)
TITLE: Recall and recognition memory in patients with focal frontal, temporal lobe and diencephalic lesions.
AUTHOR(S): Kopelman-MD; Stanhope-N
ADDRESS OF AUTHOR: Neuropsychiatry and Memory Disorders Clinic, Division of Psychiatry and Psychology, United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St Thomas's Hospital, London, UK. m.kopelman@umds.ac.uk
SOURCE (BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION): Neuropsychologia. 1998 Aug; 36(8): 785-95
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER: 0028-3932
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998
LANGUAGE OF ARTICLE: ENGLISH
COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: ENGLAND
ABSTRACT: Patients with frontal, temporal lobe, or diencephalic lesions were compared with healthy controls on measures of recall and recognition memory for word lists. Exposure times were titrated to match recognition memory scores 30 s after the end of word-list presentation as closely as possible. Using this technique, we failed to find a disproportionate impairment in recall memory in either the frontal lobe lesion patients or in the amnesic (temporal lobe and diencephalic) patients, compared with healthy controls. Consistent with this finding, performance on these tasks showed highly significant correlations with anterograde memory quotients (despite the titration procedure), but not with executive/frontal function tasks. On the other hand, the frontal lobe lesion group showed disproportionate benefit in the recall of semantically categorised words, compared with unrelated words. This may indicate an impairment in retrieval or access, compared with the amnesic (temporal lobe and diencephalic) patients, and/or an inability to organise their learning of unrelated words spontaneously, compared with healthy controls.
MINOR MESH HEADINGS: Adult-; Aged-; Alcohol-Amnestic-Disorder-psychology; Brain-Injuries-pathology; Brain-Injuries-radionuclide-imaging; Diencephalon-pathology; Diencephalon-radionuclide-imaging; Encephalitis,-Viral-psychology; Frontal-Lobe-pathology; Frontal-Lobe-radionuclide-imaging; Magnetic-Resonance-Imaging; Middle-Age; Neuropsychological-Tests; Temporal-Lobe-pathology; Temporal-Lobe-radionuclide-imaging; Tomography,-Emission-Computed
MAJOR MeSH HEADINGS: *Brain-Injuries-psychology; *Cognition-physiology; *Diencephalon-injuries; *Frontal-Lobe-injuries; *Memory-physiology; *Recall-physiology; *Temporal-Lobe-injuries
CHECKTAGS: Female; Human; Male; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PUBLICATION TYPE: CLINICAL-TRIAL; JOURNAL-ARTICLE
MEDLINE ACCESSION NUMBER: 98422062
UPDATE CODE: 9902
TITLE: [Hyperbaric oxygenation and neurological recovery in children with organic brain damage]
ORIGINAL TITLE: Oxigenacion hiperbarica y restauracion neurologica en ninos con dano cerebral organico.
AUTHOR(S): Cordoba-Cabeza-T; Perez-Fonseca-R; Morales-Vargas-D; Lopez-A
ADDRESS OF AUTHOR: Hospital Pediatrico Provincial Docente Martires de Tunas, Las Tunas, Cuba.
SOURCE (BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION): Rev-Neurol. 1998 Oct; 27(158): 571-4
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER: 0210-0010
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998
LANGUAGE OF ARTICLE: SPANISH; NON-ENGLISH
COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: SPAIN
ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: In order to determine the effects of hyperbaric oxygenation, 14 Cuban children (8 boys and 6 girls) with affected lesions on the Central Nervous System (CNS), were prospectively studied between September 1994 and September 1995; the patients came from the external consultation of Neuropediatric of the Academic Pediatrics Hospital, Tuna Martyrs, Cuba. PATIENTS AND METHODS: They were evaluated from the neuropediatric and neurophysiologic point of view and submitted to treatment with hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO). Five patients showed a injury to the CNS by severe asphyxia, seven by generalized infections of CNS, one patient with cerebral damage by craneoencephalic traumatism and other with vasoclusive cerebral crisis of siclemic. The average age of the children was of 4.8 +/- 3.4 years. The symptoms and signs were depending on the type on cerebral damage and its evolution. 100% of the children presented infantile cerebral paralysis (ICP) and epilepsy, most of the children were in treatment with antiepileptic drugs, buy they weren't balanced. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Satisfactory response was observed in patients that were oxygenated within the first year of the lesion, with better and faster results.
MINOR MESH HEADINGS: Child-; Child,-Preschool; Cuba-; English-Abstract; Infant-; Prospective-Studies; Psychomotor-Performance; Recovery-of-Function
MAJOR MeSH HEADINGS: *Brain-Diseases-therapy; *Brain-Injuries-therapy; *Hyperbaric-Oxygenation
CHECKTAGS: English-Abstract; Female; Human; Male
PUBLICATION TYPE: CLINICAL-TRIAL; JOURNAL-ARTICLE
MEDLINE ACCESSION NUMBER: 99020337
UPDATE CODE: 9902
TITLE: Episodic memory and the self in a case of isolated retrograde amnesia.
AUTHOR(S): Levine-B; Black-SE; Cabeza-R; Sinden-M; Mcintosh-AR; Toth-JP; Tulving-E; Stuss-DT
ADDRESS OF AUTHOR: Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, North York, Ontario, Canada. levine@psych.utoronto.ca
SOURCE (BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION): Brain. 1998 Oct; 121 ( Pt 10): 1951-73
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER: 0006-8950
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998
LANGUAGE OF ARTICLE: ENGLISH
COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: ENGLAND
ABSTRACT: Isolated retrograde amnesia is defined as impaired recollection of experiences pre-dating brain injury with relatively preserved anterograde learning and memory. We present findings from a patient (M.L.) with isolated retrograde amnesia following severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) that address hypotheses of the interrelationships of focal neuropathology, episodic memory and the self. M.L. is densely amnesic for experiences predating his injury, but shows normal anterograde memory performance on a variety of standard tests of recall and recognition. The cognitive processes underlying this performance were examined with the remember/know technique, which permits separation of episodic from non-episodic contributions to memory tests by quantifying subjects' reports of re-experiencing aspects of the encoding episode. The results demonstrated that M.L. does not episodically re-experience post-injury events to the same extent as control subjects, although he can use familiarity or other non-episodic processes to distinguish events he has experienced from those he has not experienced. M.L.'s MRI showed damage to the right ventral frontal cortex and underlying white matter, including the uncinate fasciculus, a frontotemporal band of fibres previously hypothesized to mediate retrieval of specific events from one's personal past. Recent functional neuroimaging evidence of an association between right frontal lobe functioning and episodic retrieval demands suggest that M.L.'s memory deficits are related to this focal injury. This hypothesis was supported by right frontal polar hypoactivation in M.L. in response to episodic retrieval demands when he was examined with a cognitive activation H2(15)O PET paradigm that reliably activated this frontal region in both healthy controls and patients with TBI carefully matched to M.L. (but without isolated retrograde amnesia). He also showed increased left inferomedial temporal activation relative to control subjects, suggesting that his spared anterograde memory is mediated through increased reliance on medial temporal lobe structures. Re-experiencing events as part of one's past is based on autonoetic awareness, i.e. awareness of oneself as a continuous entity across time. This form of awareness also supports the formulation of future goals and the implementation of a behavioural guidance system to achieve them. The findings from this study converge to suggest that M.L. has impaired autonoetic awareness attributable to right ventral frontal lobe injury, including right frontal-temporal disconnection. Reorganized brain systems mediate certain preserved cognitive operations in M.L., but without the normal complement of information concerning the self with respect to both past and future events.
MINOR MESH HEADINGS: Adult-; Amnesia,-Retrograde-diagnosis; Amnesia,-Retrograde-etiology; Behavior-physiology; Brain-pathology; Brain-radionuclide-imaging; Brain-Injuries-complications; Magnetic-Resonance-Imaging; Reference-Values; Tomography,-Emission-Computed
MAJOR MeSH HEADINGS: *Amnesia,-Retrograde-psychology; *Ego-; *Memory-physiology
CHECKTAGS: Case-Report; Human; Male; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PUBLICATION TYPE: JOURNAL-ARTICLE
MEDLINE ACCESSION NUMBER: 99013093
UPDATE CODE: 9901
SUBSET: AIM
TITLE: Initial disturbances of consciousness and resultant impaired awareness in Spanish patients with traumatic brain injury.
AUTHOR(S): Prigatano-GP; Bruna-O; Mataro-M; Munoz-JM; Fernandez-S; Junque-C
ADDRESS OF AUTHOR: Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona 85013-4496, USA.
SOURCE (BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION): J-Head-Trauma-Rehabil. 1998 Oct; 13(5): 29-38
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER: 0885-9701
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998
LANGUAGE OF ARTICLE: ENGLISH
COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: UNITED-STATES
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this prospective, between-subjects study was to look at impaired awareness cross-culturally in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to relate impaired awareness after injury to the initial estimates of disturbed consciousness at time of injury. The study was conducted in community and inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation centers in Barcelona and Madrid. Participants were 30 persons with primarily moderate to severe TBI who could complete a written questionnaire concerning their functioning and 28 age- and gender-matched controls. A Spanish translation of the Patient Competency Rating Scale (PCRS) was administered to each participant. Relatives or significant others also completed this scale on each participant using the relative's version (PCRS-R). Difference scores, obtained by subtracting PCRS-R from PCRS-P (PCRS-P minus PCRS-R), were used as a marker of impaired awareness. Individuals with TBI were rated (by self and significant others) as being less competent than controls. Forty percent of Spanish patients with TBI who suffered severe injuries tended to overestimate their behavioral competencies. The PCRS-P minus the PCRS-R difference scores tended to correlate with admitting Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores and retrospective estimates of posttraumatic amnesia (PTA). Initial disturbances of consciousness, one measure of severity of brain injury, appeared to relate to later measures of impaired self-awareness in Spanish patients with TBI. Non-brain-injured controls did not tend to report levels of competency that differed from their relatives' reports.
MINOR MESH HEADINGS: Adult-; Amnesia-epidemiology; Amnesia-etiology; Amnesia-physiopathology; Amnesia-psychology; Glasgow-Coma-Scale; Injury-Severity-Score; Judgment-; Middle-Age; Prospective-Studies; Sampling-Studies; Spain-
MAJOR MeSH HEADINGS: *Amnesia-diagnosis; *Awareness-physiology; *Brain-Injuries-complications; *Consciousness-physiology; *Mental-Competency-psychology
CHECKTAGS: Female; Human; Male; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PUBLICATION TYPE: CLINICAL-TRIAL; CONTROLLED-CLINICAL-TRIAL; JOURNAL-ARTICLE
MEDLINE ACCESSION NUMBER: 1998426347
UPDATE CODE: 199812
TITLE: [Brain concussion--a minor craniocerebral injury]
ORIGINAL TITLE: Potres mozga--laka kraniocerebralna povreda.
AUTHOR(S): Kojadinovic-Z; Momcilovic-A; Popovic-L; Jajic-D; Cigic-T; Vulekovic-P
ADDRESS OF AUTHOR: Institut za hirurgiju, Neurohirurska klinika, Medicinski fakultet, Novi Sad.
SOURCE (BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION): Med-Pregl. 1998 Mar-Apr; 51(3-4): 165-8
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER: 0025-8105
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998
LANGUAGE OF ARTICLE: SERBO-CROATIAN-ROMAN; NON-ENGLISH
COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: YUGOSLAVIA
ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Brain concussion is a brain dysfunction without any macroscopic structural damage, caused by mechanical force. This research paper presents the occurrence and basic characteristics of patients with brain concussion without skull fracture. The second aim of this paper is to answer questions, related to this problem, neurosurgeons are most often asked by doctors of other specialties. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Posttraumatic amnesia (patient unable to remember events before and/or after injury) was a condition to diagnose the brain concussion. In 1995 there were 240 patients with brain concussions without skull fracture at the Department of Urgent Surgery of our Institute. Eighty of them (33%) have been admitted to the Neurosurgical Clinic for observation and/or treatment. In all patients with brain concussion the following diagnostic procedure was applied: personal history, physical and neurological examination, basic blood tests and skull x-rays. CT imaging of the brain is not a routine because of our economic and technical circumstances. RESULTS: 240 patients were examined; 67% were males. Glasgow coma score (GSC) was 13-15 in all patients, while in nonhospitalized patients it was 15 (GSC = 15). 54% of patients were 15-40 years old; 35% were 41-60 years old and 11% were older than 60 years of age. Average hospitalization lasted for 3.48 days. According to the Glasgow outcome scale all patients had a good recovery. DISCUSSION: Patients with brain concussion have always amnesia with normal neurologic status. Legal and clinical definition of the minor head injury are not completely equal. Brain concussion is legally always a minor head injury. Patients with organic damage of brain (legally severe injury) can clinically look like having minor injury initially or till the end of the illness. Risk for brain damage in patients with amnesia is about 3%. Posttraumatic amnesia is always established by asking patients to remember events and not asking them if they were unconscious. Brain concussion is often associated with headache, vegetative or/and psychotic difficulties. Diagnostic protocol should comprise at least personal history, physical and neurological examination and skull x-ray. Consultation of a neurosurgeon and hospitalization are not indicated in all cases. In our series it was done in 33% according to indications which are established. In these cases patients should be transported with documents describing the type of injury, diagnostic results and treatment performed. The therapy is symptomatic. After brain concussion gradual return to everyday activities is indicated. Sick leave of 7-10 days is usually sufficient. Postconcussion syndrome (headache, vegetative or psychotic disturbances) occurs often and may last for a long period of time. CONCLUSION: We tried to describe a doctrine for diagnostic and treatment of patients suffering from brain concussion most appropriate according to our technical and economical circumstances.
MINOR MESH HEADINGS: Adolescence-; Adult-; Amnesia-etiology; Brain-Concussion-complications; Brain-Concussion-diagnosis; Brain-Concussion-therapy; Coma-etiology; English-Abstract; Middle-Age
MAJOR MeSH HEADINGS: *Brain-Concussion
CHECKTAGS: English-Abstract; Female; Human; Male
PUBLICATION TYPE: JOURNAL-ARTICLE
MEDLINE ACCESSION NUMBER: 1998274909
UPDATE CODE: 199810
TITLE: Lightning stroke and neuropsychological impairment: cases and questions.
AUTHOR(S): van-Zomeren-AH; ten-Duis-HJ; Minderhoud-JM; Sipma-M
ADDRESS OF AUTHOR: Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands.
SOURCE (BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION): J-Neurol-Neurosurg-Psychiatry. 1998 Jun; 64(6): 763-9
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER: 0022-3050
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998
LANGUAGE OF ARTICLE: ENGLISH
COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: ENGLAND
ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVE: To objectify neuropsychological impairments in survivors of lightning stroke with lasting complaints about poor concentration and inability to divide their attention. DESIGN: A series of six cases of lightning stroke were studied. All patients had lost consciousness and reported amnesia of varying length. Assessment took place between one and four years after injury, ensuring that their neurological state had stabilised. They were tested with a neuropsychological battery with an emphasis on attention and memory. Personality and emotional reaction to the accident were assessed with questionnaires and a lightning fear scale. Complaints were recorded by means of a trauma complaints list including 10 questions on symptoms of the post-traumatic stress disorder. RESULTS: Patients reported fatigue and lack of energy as their main complaints. In addition, poor concentration, irritability, and emotional lability were mentioned often. Neuropsychological tests disclosed mild impairments in memory, attention, and visual reaction times. Two patients could be classified as depressed, and one of these also showed convincing signs of the post-traumatic stress disorder. CONCLUSION: As the lasting complaints and impairments could not be explained, for all six cases, as resulting from head injury concomitant with lightning stroke, cerebral hypoxia or a post-traumatic stress syndrome, it is concluded that lightning stroke can result in subtle cognitive impairments. It is speculated that most complaints of these survivors are caused by a vegetative dysregulation, a disorder that has often been noted in the literature on the effects of electrical injury to the nervous system. Such a dysregulation might cause both the main complaint of fatigue and the mild cognitive impairments identified with the present test battery.
MINOR MESH HEADINGS: Adolescence-; Adult-; Amnesia-diagnosis; Brain-Injuries-complications; Cognition-Disorders-diagnosis; Neuropsychological-Tests; Personality-Assessment; Personality-Disorders-diagnosis; Personality-Disorders-etiology; Psychiatric-Status-Rating-Scales; Questionnaires-; Severity-of-Illness-Index; Stress-Disorders,-Post-Traumatic-diagnosis; Stress-Disorders,-Post-Traumatic-psychology
MAJOR MeSH HEADINGS: *Amnesia-etiology; *Brain-Injuries-diagnosis; *Brain-Injuries-etiology; *Cognition-Disorders-etiology; *Lightning-Injuries-complications
CHECKTAGS: Case-Report; Female; Human; Male
PUBLICATION TYPE: JOURNAL-ARTICLE
MEDLINE ACCESSION NUMBER: 1998309521
UPDATE CODE: 199809
TITLE: The course of post-traumatic amnesia: three little words.
AUTHOR(S): Schwartz-ML; Carruth-F; Binns-MA; Brandys-C; Moulton-R; Snow-WG; Stuss-DT
ADDRESS OF AUTHOR: Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
SOURCE (BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION): Can-J-Neurol-Sci. 1998 May; 25(2): 108-16
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER: 0317-1671
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998
LANGUAGE OF ARTICLE: ENGLISH
COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: CANADA
ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVE: To provide a simple means of "real time" recognition of emergence from post-traumatic amnesia (PTA). METHODS: Ninety-one patients with traumatic brain injury (PBI); 53 minor (GCS 13-15), 19 moderate (GCS 9-12), 18 severe (GCS 3-8). Twenty-seven control subjects treated at two regional trauma units for their acute phase and followed in a hospital-based research institute were studied prospectively. Subjects were examined repeatedly following injury with the Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test (GOAT) and tests of their ability to learn and retain new information. Word triplets balanced for concreteness and frequency were presented. Immediate and 24-hour recall were tested. If 24-hour recall was imperfect, recognition was tested by presenting the 3 target words and 6 distracters. The target words were then re-presented and recall was tested the next day. The time intervals to first perfect recognition and first free perfect recall were compared with the patients' first GOAT score of 75 or greater on 2 successive days. Simple line drawings of common objects were also presented to the subjects using an identical paradigm. The outcome measures were GOAT, 3-word recognition and recall, 3 picture recognition and recall. RESULTS: For all categories of head injury severity, the median interval to perfect free recall of words followed the achievement GOAT criterion by a significant interval. The mean GOAT scores for perfect 3-word recall and recognition corresponding to minor, moderate and severe injuries were 97, 90 and 88, and 97, 76 and 68 respectively. The recognition and recall of pictures preceded the recognition and recall of words by approximately 1 day. CONCLUSIONS: The orientation measures of the GOAT that contain material that the patient knew prior to injury obscure the determination of recovery of continuous memory and should be tested separately. Three-word recall which is simpler to administer than the GOAT is a more reliable measure of emergence from PTA. For patients who are dysphasic or who do not share a common language with the examiner, 3-picture recognition and recall may substitute for word recognition and recall.
MINOR MESH HEADINGS: Adolescence-; Adult-; Amnesia-etiology; Brain-Injuries-complications; Middle-Age; Neuropsychological-Tests; Pattern-Recognition,-Visual; Predictive-Value-of-Tests; Prognosis-; Prospective-Studies; Recall-
MAJOR MeSH HEADINGS: *Amnesia-diagnosis; *Brain-Injuries-diagnosis; *Verbal-Learning
CHECKTAGS: Female; Human; Male; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PUBLICATION TYPE: JOURNAL-ARTICLE
MEDLINE ACCESSION NUMBER: 1998267490
UPDATE CODE: 199809
TITLE: Educational outcome for secondary and postsecondary students following traumatic brain injury.
AUTHOR(S): Stewart-Scott-AM; Douglas-JM
ADDRESS OF AUTHOR: School of Human Communications Sciences, LaTrobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
SOURCE (BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION): Brain-Inj. 1998 Apr; 12(4): 317-31
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER: 0269-9052
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998
LANGUAGE OF ARTICLE: ENGLISH
COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: ENGLAND
ABSTRACT: During the 12 month period of January-December 1991, 75 admissions were made to the Head Injury Unit at Bethesda Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. Approximately 26% (20) of these admissions were either secondary or postsecondary students. Thirteen of the 20 students were interviewed by telephone at approximately 3 years postinjury and demographic and medical information were obtained from their medical files. Outcome was documented in three areas: educational, medical and psychosocial status. At 3 years postinjury, 11 subjects (85%) had either completed a course or were still studying. The average time for students to return to study was approximately 11 months postinjury. The students reported a number of changes including: enrollment in different courses, a reduction in course load to part-time study, altered educational and vocational goals and an increased need to utilize study skill strategies, individual tuition and special consideration. In addition, students reported changes to their relationships with peers and their involvement in extracurricular activities. It is apparent from these results that a number of factors need to be considered when a student is planning to return to study following TBI and that a range of support services may be required. Future studies are needed to examine the factors which impede or enhance a student's progress following TBI.
MINOR MESH HEADINGS: Adolescence-; Adult-; Amnesia-psychology; Brain-Injuries-rehabilitation; Cognition-physiology; Emotions-physiology; Employment-; Follow-Up-Studies; Social-Behavior; Treatment-Outcome
MAJOR MeSH HEADINGS: *Brain-Injuries-psychology; *Education-
CHECKTAGS: Female; Human; Male
PUBLICATION TYPE: CLINICAL-TRIAL; JOURNAL-ARTICLE
MEDLINE ACCESSION NUMBER: 1998224009
UPDATE CODE: 199808
TITLE: Cognitive neuroscience of human memory.
AUTHOR(S): Gabrieli-JD
ADDRESS OF AUTHOR: Department of Psychology, Stanford University, California 94305, USA. gabrieli@psych.stanford.edu
SOURCE (BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION): Annu-Rev-Psychol. 1998; 49: 87-115
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER: 0066-4308
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998
LANGUAGE OF ARTICLE: ENGLISH
COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: UNITED-STATES
ABSTRACT: Current knowledge is summarized about long-term memory systems of the human brain, with memory systems defined as specific neural networks that support specific mnemonic processes. The summary integrates convergent evidence from neuropsychological studies of patients with brain lesions and from functional neuroimaging studies using positron emission tomography (PET) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Evidence is reviewed about the specific roles of hippocampal and parahippocampal regions, the amygdala, the basal ganglia, and various neocortical areas in declarative memory. Evidence is also reviewed about which brain regions mediate specific kinds of procedural memory, including sensorimotor, perceptual, and cognitive skill learning; perceptual and conceptual repetition priming; and several forms of conditioning. Findings are discussed in terms of the functional neural architecture of normal memory, age-related changes in memory performance, and neurological conditions that affect memory such as amnesia. Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease.
MINOR MESH HEADINGS: Amnesia-physiopathology; Brain-radionuclide-imaging; Brain-Injuries-physiopathology; Conditioning-Psychology-physiology; Cues-; Learning-physiology
MAJOR MeSH HEADINGS: *Brain-physiology; *Cognitive-Science-trends; *Memory-physiology; *Neurosciences-trends
CHECKTAGS: Human
PUBLICATION TYPE: JOURNAL-ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW-LITERATURE
MEDLINE ACCESSION NUMBER: 1998157707
UPDATE CODE: 199807
TITLE: Predicting late outcome for patients with traumatic brain injury referred to a rehabilitation programme: a study of 508 Finnish patients 5 years or more after injury.
AUTHOR(S): Asikainen-I; Kaste-M; Sarna-S
ADDRESS OF AUTHOR: Department of Neurology, Kauniala Hospital, Finland.
SOURCE (BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION): Brain-Inj. 1998 Feb; 12(2): 95-107
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER: 0269-9052
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998
LANGUAGE OF ARTICLE: ENGLISH
COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: ENGLAND
ABSTRACT: Variables were studied which predict at the acute stage the functional and occupational long-term outcome for patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score on hospital admission, length of coma (LOC) and duration of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) were studied in a group of 508 TBI rehabilitation patients, age 0.8-71, mean age 19, followed up between five and over 20 years, mean of 12 years. Information from hospital charts and all data available before and after the injury were gathered and reviewed. The study was carried out among a consecutive sample of Finnish patients with TBI referred to a rehabilitation programme at the out-patient neurological clinic of Kauniala Hospital, which specializes in brain injuries in Finland. The patients came from various hospital districts in the country for an evaluation of their educational and vocational problems. Main outcome measures were functional outcome, as measured by the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at the end of follow-up, and post-injury occupational outcome. The patients' reemployment on the open job marklet, subsidized employment or inability to work was noted. The GCS score on hospital admission correlated clearly with the functional outcome of the patients at the end of follow-up. Length of coma and duration of post-traumatic amnesia correlated specifically with the patient's work history after the brain injury and with functional outcome measured by the GOS. Outcomes varied among age groups and seemed to be affected by age at injury. Accordingly, the extent of recovery and quality of life for rehabilitation patients with TBI can be estimated early on by prognostic factors reflecting injury severity in the acute phase. The results suggest that the GCS score, LOC and duration of PTA all have a strong predictive value in assessing functional or occupational outcome for TBI patients.
MINOR MESH HEADINGS: Adolescence-; Adult-; Amnesia-etiology; Amnesia-psychology; Brain-Injuries-psychology; Brain-Injuries-rehabilitation; Child-; Employment-; Finland-; Follow-Up-Studies; Glasgow-Coma-Scale; Prognosis-; Quality-of-Life; Treatment-Outcome
MAJOR MeSH HEADINGS: *Brain-Injuries-therapy
CHECKTAGS: Female; Human; Male
PUBLICATION TYPE: CLINICAL-TRIAL; JOURNAL-ARTICLE
MEDLINE ACCESSION NUMBER: 1998153978
UPDATE CODE: 199807
TITLE: Do calendars enhance posttraumatic temporal orientation?: a pilot study.
AUTHOR(S): Watanabe-TK; Black-KL; Zafonte-RD; Millis-SR; Mann-NR
ADDRESS OF AUTHOR: Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit 48201, USA.
SOURCE (BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION): Brain-Inj. 1998 Jan; 12(1): 81-5
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER: 0269-9052
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998
LANGUAGE OF ARTICLE: ENGLISH
COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: ENGLAND
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of an in-room calendar to correct temporal disorientation in a brain-injured population. Thirty consecutive brain injured patients (16 traumatic, 14 non-traumatic) admitted to a brain injury rehabilitation unit were randomly assigned to either a group with in-room calendars (n = 14) or a group without calendars (n = 16). A baseline Temporal Orientation Test (TOT) score was obtained. Daily TOT scores were obtained for patients throughout their rehabilitation stay or until two consecutive normal scores were obtained. When orientation errors were made, they were corrected and the attention of the patient was drawn to the calendar. There were no statistically significant associations between group and age, gender or mean GCS (for patients with traumatic etiology). Only baseline length of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) had a significant association with eventual emergence from PTA (as defined by a normal score on the TOT). Age and presence of calendar were not significant. In-room calendars have been espoused as orientation aides. The data from this pilot study suggest that calendars do not hasten re-orientation. This finding suggests that other widely held but not rigorously tested beliefs regarding cognitive rehabilitation may need to be examined.
MINOR MESH HEADINGS: Age-Factors; Amnesia-physiopathology; Attention-physiology; Brain-Injuries-physiopathology; Brain-Injuries-rehabilitation; Follow-Up-Studies; Glasgow-Coma-Scale; Middle-Age; Orientation-physiology; Pilot-Projects; Time-; Time-Perception-physiology
MAJOR MeSH HEADINGS: *Brain-Injuries-psychology; *Orientation-; *Time-Perception
CHECKTAGS: Female; Human; Male
PUBLICATION TYPE: CLINICAL-TRIAL; JOURNAL-ARTICLE; RANDOMIZED-CONTROLLED-TRIAL
MEDLINE ACCESSION NUMBER: 1998144335
UPDATE CODE: 199806
TITLE: [A case of total pseudoamnesia]
ORIGINAL TITLE: Przypadek rzekomej amnezji calkowitej.
AUTHOR(S): Sterna-W
ADDRESS OF AUTHOR: Psychiatryczno-Wielospecjalistyczny ZZOZ w Gorzowie Wlkp.
SOURCE (BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION): Psychiatr-Pol. 1997 Jan-Feb; 31(1): 135-8
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER: 0033-2674
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997
LANGUAGE OF ARTICLE: POLISH; NON-ENGLISH
COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: POLAND
ABSTRACT: In our article we present a case of a 44-year old man, who was admitted to Psychiatry Ward with suspicion of total amnesy after trauma of head. In time of hospitalisation patient was showing symptoms of total loss of memory, loss of identity without losing general knowledge. During hospitalisation it appeared that due to the same problem (trauma of head) the patients was hospitalized twice in time of one month in Surgical Word with diagnosis of subarachnoid haemorrhage, which was not found in the second hospitalization. The patient spontaneously, in time of a few days, recalled all dates. On the basis of clinical picture and laboratory findings we diagnosed this case as: "Simulation of mental disorders. Status after trauma of head". This case is a very good example of using medical care for one's own purpose not connected with treatment.
MINOR MESH HEADINGS: Adult-; Amnesia-etiology; Brain-Injuries-complications; Diagnosis,-Differential; English-Abstract
MAJOR MeSH HEADINGS: *Amnesia-diagnosis; *Malingering-diagnosis
CHECKTAGS: Case-Report; English-Abstract; Human; Male
PUBLICATION TYPE: JOURNAL-ARTICLE
MEDLINE ACCESSION NUMBER: 1998061228
UPDATE CODE: 199806
TITLE: Disruption of spatial but not object-recognition memory by neurotoxic lesions of the dorsal hippocampus in rats.
AUTHOR(S): Duva-CA; Floresco-SB; Wunderlich-GR; Lao-TL; Pinel-JP; Phillips-AG
ADDRESS OF AUTHOR: Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
SOURCE (BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION): Behav-Neurosci. 1997 Dec; 111(6): 1184-96
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER: 0735-7044
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997
LANGUAGE OF ARTICLE: ENGLISH
COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: UNITED-STATES
ABSTRACT: Ischemia-induced cell loss in the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus results in severe deficits on delayed non-matching-to-sample (DNMS), whereas hippocampectomy produces little or no impairment, suggesting that partial hippocampal damage is more detrimental to DNMS performance than total ablation. To test this hypothesis, rats with or without preoperative DNMS training were given partial cytotoxic lesions of the dorsal hippocampus. When tested, neither group displayed any DNMS deficits despite widespread cell loss in the CA1 and other regions of the dorsal hippocampus. In the final experiments, rats tested previously on DNMS were found to be impaired on the Morris water maze. The finding that partial hippocampal lesions disrupt spatial memory while leaving object-recognition memory intact indicates a specialized role for the hippocampus in mnemonic processes.
MINOR MESH HEADINGS: Cerebral-Cortex-injuries; Cerebral-Cortex-pathology; Discrimination-Learning-physiology; Disease-Models,-Animal; Excitatory-Amino-Acid-Agonists; Hippocampus-injuries; Hippocampus-pathology; Hippocampus-physiopathology; Maze-Learning-physiology; Memory-drug-effects; Memory-physiology; N-Methylaspartate; Orientation-drug-effects; Orientation-physiology; Pattern-Recognition,-Visual-physiology; Rats-; Rats,-Wistar; Time-Factors
MAJOR MeSH HEADINGS: *Amnesia-physiopathology; *Brain-Injuries-physiopathology; *Discrimination-Learning-drug-effects; *Hippocampus-drug-effects; *Maze-Learning-drug-effects; *Pattern-Recognition,-Visual-drug-effects; *Temporal-Lobe-physiopathology
CHECKTAGS: Animal; Male; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PUBLICATION TYPE: JOURNAL-ARTICLE
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER OR EC NUMBER: 0; 6384-92-5
NAME OF SUBSTANCE: Excitatory-Amino-Acid-Agonists; N-Methylaspartate
MEDLINE ACCESSION NUMBER: 1998099626
UPDATE CODE: 199805
TITLE: [What is your diagnosis? Post-traumatic amnestic episode]
ORIGINAL TITLE: Wie lautet Ihre Diagnose? Posttraumatischen amnestischen Episode.
AUTHOR(S): Barolin-GS
ADDRESS OF AUTHOR: Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institut fur Neuro-Rehabilitation und -Prophylaxe, Feldkirch-Tisis.
SOURCE (BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION): Schweiz-Rundsch-Med-Prax. 1997 Oct 8; 86(41): 1583-4
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER: 1013-2058
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997
LANGUAGE OF ARTICLE: GERMAN; NON-ENGLISH
COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: SWITZERLAND
MINOR MESH HEADINGS: Adult-; Brain-Concussion-diagnosis; Prognosis-
MAJOR MeSH HEADINGS: *Amnesia,-Retrograde-diagnosis; *Athletic-Injuries-diagnosis; *Head-Injuries,-Closed-diagnosis
CHECKTAGS: Case-Report; Female; Human; Male
PUBLICATION TYPE: JOURNAL-ARTICLE
MEDLINE ACCESSION NUMBER: 1998014035
UPDATE CODE: 199803
TITLE: Effects of VA-045 on learning and memory deficits in traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced retrograde and anterograde amnesic mice.
AUTHOR(S): Tang-YP; Noda-Y; Hasegawa-T; Nabeshima-T
ADDRESS OF AUTHOR: Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan.
SOURCE (BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION): Br-J-Pharmacol. 1997 Sep; 122(2): 257-64
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER: 0007-1188
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997
LANGUAGE OF ARTICLE: ENGLISH
COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: ENGLAND
ABSTRACT: 1. No specific regimen has been developed to treat post-traumatic amnesia in man. In the present study, we examined the effects of (+)-eburnamenine-14-carboxylic acid (2-nitroxyethyl) ester (VA-045), a novel derivative of apovincaminic acid, on learning and memory deficits associated with a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) in mice. 2. Two kinds of amnesia, TBI-induced retrograde amnesia (TRA) and anterograde amnesia (TAA), were produced by means of post- and pre-acquisition head injury, respectively, by a simple weight-drop device. A novel procedure of water-finding task was used to assess learning and memory functions. 3. Both TRA and TAA mice were dramatically impaired in the task performance, with prolonged latencies for finding and drinking in either retention test or retest, indicating that retention was impaired in TRA mice while learning and retention were impaired in TAA mice. 4. VA-045 administered 30 min post-trauma in TRA mice dramatically shortened the prolonged latencies for finding and drinking in both retention test and retest, indicating that VA-045 significantly improved the retention deficit observed in TRA mice. 5. VA-045 administered 30 min post-trauma in TAA mice dramatically attenuated the prolonged latencies for finding and drinking in both retention test and retest, indicating that VA-045 significantly improved the learning and retention deficits observed in TAA mice. 6. Administration of VA-045 30 min pre-trauma in normal mice markedly attenuated the delay of latencies for finding and drinking after trauma in both retention test and retest, which shows that VA-045 significantly prevented learning and retention deficits after TBI. 7. Motor activities were not significantly affected by either the TBI or the chemical treatment at the time of task examination in either experimental model. 8. It is concluded that VA-045 may have potential effects on learning and memory deficits observed in either TBI-induced retrograde or anterograde amnesia.
MINOR MESH HEADINGS: Learning-drug-effects; Memory-drug-effects; Mice-
MAJOR MeSH HEADINGS: *Amnesia-drug-therapy; *Amnesia,-Retrograde-drug-therapy; *Behavior,-Animal-drug-effects; *Brain-Injuries-drug-therapy; *Vasodilator-Agents-therapeutic-use; *Vinca-Alkaloids-therapeutic-use
CHECKTAGS: Animal; Comparative-Study; Male; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PUBLICATION TYPE: JOURNAL-ARTICLE
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER OR EC NUMBER: 0; 0; 128759-76-2
NAME OF SUBSTANCE: Vasodilator-Agents; Vinca-Alkaloids; VA-045
MEDLINE ACCESSION NUMBER: 1997459158
UPDATE CODE: 199802
TITLE: Posttraumatic amnesia: its relation to functional outcome.
AUTHOR(S): Zafonte-RD; Mann-NR; Millis-SR; Black-KL; Wood-DL; Hammond-F
ADDRESS OF AUTHOR: Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA.
SOURCE (BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION): Arch-Phys-Med-Rehabil. 1997 Oct; 78(10): 1103-6
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER: 0003-9993
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997
LANGUAGE OF ARTICLE: ENGLISH
COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: UNITED-STATES
ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relation between duration of posttraumatic amnesia (PTA) and functional outcome in a traumatically brain injured population. PATIENTS: Two hundred seventy-six patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) who were admitted to a Level I university trauma center and required inpatient rehabilitation. MEASURES: Duration of PTA was assessed by serial administrations of the Galveston Orientation Amnesia Test (GOAT). Functional Independence Measure (FIM) total scores, FIM cognitive and motor subscores, and Disability Rating Scale (DRS) scores were obtained at admission and discharge from inpatient rehabilitation. RESULTS: Duration of PTA was a significant predictor of all admission and discharge DRS and FIM scores. Duration of PTA and age at the time of injury, in combination, contributed significantly to the prediction of the DRS score and FIM total, cognitive, and motor scores at discharge. CONCLUSION: Duration of PTA appears to be a useful variable in predicting specific functional outcome in the TBI population receiving inpatient rehabilitation services. The use of age as a factor in addition to duration of PTA enhances the prediction of functional outcome.
MINOR MESH HEADINGS: Adolescence-; Adult-; Age-Factors; Aged-; Brain-Injuries-complications; Cognition-; Middle-Age; Prognosis-; Regression-Analysis; Time-Factors; Treatment-Outcome
MAJOR MeSH HEADINGS: *Amnesia-etiology; *Brain-Injuries-rehabilitation
CHECKTAGS: Female; Human; Male; Support,-U.S.-Gov't,-Non-P.H.S.
PUBLICATION TYPE: JOURNAL-ARTICLE
MEDLINE ACCESSION NUMBER: 1997480462
UPDATE CODE: 199801
SUBSET: AIM
TITLE: Remote memory in patients with acute brain injuries.
AUTHOR(S): Leplow-B; Dierks-CH; Lehnung-M; Kenkel-S; Behrens-C; Frank-G; Mehdorn-M
ADDRESS OF AUTHOR: Department of Psychology, University of Kiel, Germany.
SOURCE (BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION): Neuropsychologia. 1997 Jun; 35(6): 881-92
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER: 0028-3932
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997
LANGUAGE OF ARTICLE: ENGLISH
COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: ENGLAND
ABSTRACT: Remote memory was investigated in an unselected sample of 26 patients with either unilateral tumours in the temporal lobes or traumatic brain injuries. Six patients underwent excisions within the left temporal lobe, and nine patients were operated on within the right temporal lobe. In both groups, patients with excisions including and sparing the hippocampal formation were studied. Their performance was compared to that of 11 patients with moderate to severe head trauma and to a normative sample of 214 healthy controls. Remote memory was assessed using a famous events test with items of extremely low salience that had been proven to be of low difficulty for those old enough at the time of the event's actuality. The results show severely disturbed retrograde memory functions in the left temporal tumour group. These patients achieved similar scores to patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Right hemispheric patients showed a pattern of results comparable to that of healthy controls. The strongest effects were in the free recall part of the test. In most of the patients, no graded memory loss was observable. No consistent association to recent memory function could be identified. Since most of the remote memory test items used denoted famous names which were cued by rich semantic information, the type of deficit seen may be best understood in terms of a specific dysfunction of the semantic stores containing information about famous proper names.
MINOR MESH HEADINGS: Adult-; Age-Factors; Aged-; Analysis-of-Variance; Anomia-physiopathology; Case-Control-Studies; Chi-Square-Distribution; Cross-Sectional-Studies; Memory-Disorders-physiopathology; Middle-Age; Recall-physiology; Time-Factors
MAJOR MeSH HEADINGS: *Amnesia,-Retrograde-physiopathology; *Brain-Injuries-physiopathology; *Brain-Neoplasms-surgery; *Cerebral-Decortication-adverse-effects; *Hippocampus-physiopathology; *Laterality-physiology; *Temporal-Lobe-physiopathology
CHECKTAGS: Female; Human; Male; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PUBLICATION TYPE: JOURNAL-ARTICLE
MEDLINE ACCESSION NUMBER: 1997348482
UPDATE CODE: 199710
TITLE: (+)-Eburnamenine-14-carboxylic acid (2-nitroxyethyl) ester (VA-045), a putative cognitive enhancer, facilitates recovery from concussive brain injury-induced learning and memory impairments in mice.
AUTHOR(S): Tang-YP; Noda-Y; Hasegawa-T; Nabeshima-T
ADDRESS OF AUTHOR: Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan.
SOURCE (BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION): Behav-Brain-Res. 1997 Feb; 83(1-2): 195-9
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER: 0166-4328
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997
LANGUAGE OF ARTICLE: ENGLISH
COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: NETHERLANDS
ABSTRACT: We characterized alterations in the ability of concussive brain injury (CBI) models to perform a water-finding task and examined effects of (+)-eburnamenine-14-carboxylic acid (2-nitroxyethyl) ester (VA-045), a novel apovincaminic acid derivative, on post-traumatic impairments in latent learning and memory processes. Two types of CBI-induced amnesia (retrograde and anterograde) were produced by means of post- or preacquisition head impact using a simple weight-drop device. Profound impairments of latent learning and memory processes related to retention and retrieval were observed in the CBI mice. In the CBI-induced retrograde amnesia model, VA-045 (0.5-4.0 mg/kg) significantly ameliorated impairments of latent learning and retention in both the retention test and the retest. In the CBI-induced anterograde amnesia model, the protective effects of the compound on impairments in latent learning and retention or retrieval were significant in both the retention test and the retest. These results suggested that VA-045 may be a novel cognitive enhancer for attenuating or protecting against the learning and memory dysfunction associated with CBI.
MINOR MESH HEADINGS: Amnesia,-Retrograde-drug-therapy; Amnesia,-Retrograde-psychology; Brain-Concussion-complications; Drinking-Behavior-drug-effects; Exploratory-Behavior-drug-effects; Learning-Disorders-etiology; Learning-Disorders-psychology; Memory-Disorders-etiology; Memory-Disorders-psychology; Mice-; Mice,-Inbred-Strains
MAJOR MeSH HEADINGS: *Brain-Concussion-psychology; *Learning-Disorders-drug-therapy; *Memory-Disorders-drug-therapy; *Nootropic-Agents-therapeutic-use; *Vinca-Alkaloids-therapeutic-use
CHECKTAGS: Animal; Male; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PUBLICATION TYPE: JOURNAL-ARTICLE
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER OR EC NUMBER: 0; 0; 128759-76-2
NAME OF SUBSTANCE: Nootropic-Agents; Vinca-Alkaloids; VA-045
MEDLINE ACCESSION NUMBER: 1997216454
UPDATE CODE: 199709
TITLE: Concluding comments: common themes, disagreements, and future directions.
AUTHOR(S): Downes-JJ; Mayes-AR
ADDRESS OF AUTHOR: Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, UK.
SOURCE (BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION): Memory. 1997 Jan-Mar; 5(1-2): 301-11
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER: 0965-8211
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997
LANGUAGE OF ARTICLE: ENGLISH
COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: ENGLAND
MINOR MESH HEADINGS: Amnesia-physiopathology; Brain-Injuries-physiopathology; Memory-physiology
MAJOR MeSH HEADINGS: *Amnesia-etiology; *Brain-Injuries-complications; *Models,-Psychological
CHECKTAGS: Human
PUBLICATION TYPE: JOURNAL-ARTICLE
MEDLINE ACCESSION NUMBER: 1997301082
UPDATE CODE: 199708
TITLE: New approaches to the study of amnesic patients: what can a neurofunctional philosophy and neural network methods offer?
AUTHOR(S): Pickering-AD
ADDRESS OF AUTHOR: Department of Psychology, St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, UK. a.pickering@sghms.ac.uk
SOURCE (BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION): Memory. 1997 Jan-Mar; 5(1-2): 255-300
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER: 0965-8211
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997
LANGUAGE OF ARTICLE: ENGLISH
COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: ENGLAND
ABSTRACT: In this paper I first consider a neurofunctional approach to the study of amnesic patients. This approach stresses the need for theorising about the processing operations of brain regions and circuits rather than for theorising about neuropsychological syndromes. A syndrome such as amnesia-may not exist, in any meaningful sense, if there is marked heterogeneity within the patients grouped together in this way. Powerful neuroimaging techniques may now allow a more useful basis for grouping patients in terms of lesion location rather than aetiology. In turn this will allow an evaluation of the information processing functions subserved by the lesioned structures. The second strand to the present paper stresses the weakness in the specification of current theories. This has made it difficult to select experimental tasks that decisively measure the key components of those theories. The paper makes the case that explicit neural network models are a useful way to try to overcome this problem. In line with these ideas, the paper begins to build a model of how the brain may achieve useful kinds of stimulus representations. Considerations of human behaviour in category learning tasks have emphasised parallel and interacting roles for both exemplar- and element-based stimulus representations. It is suggested that the hippocampus itself may encode exemplar representations, and these may provide a basis for episodic memory as well as some types of category learning. It is further suggested that the ventral striatum may encode the element-based representations. The model allows some new and detailed predictions for the performance of amnesic subjects related to lesion location.
MINOR MESH HEADINGS: Brain-Injuries-physiopathology; Cognition-; Learning-
MAJOR MeSH HEADINGS: *Amnesia-physiopathology; *Brain-physiopathology; *Models,-Psychological; *Nerve-Net
CHECKTAGS: Human
PUBLICATION TYPE: JOURNAL-ARTICLE
MEDLINE ACCESSION NUMBER: 1997301081
UPDATE CODE: 199708
TITLE: Predicting syndromes of amnesia from a composite holographic associative recall/recognition model (CHARM).
AUTHOR(S): Metcalfe-J
ADDRESS OF AUTHOR: Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
SOURCE (BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION): Memory. 1997 Jan-Mar; 5(1-2): 233-53
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER: 0965-8211
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997
LANGUAGE OF ARTICLE: ENGLISH
COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: ENGLAND
ABSTRACT: The composite holographic associative recall/recognition model (CHARM) is used to predict the amnesia syndromes that are expected under conditions of discrete lesions to different components of the model. The components that are needed to allow recognition, recall, and rehearsal are: (1) perceptual/lexical processing and pattern identification, (2) consciousness or working memory, (3) association formation, (4) composite storage, (5) novelty monitoring and control, and (6) retrieval. Deficits in each of these components will have specific effects on memory, generating characteristic profiles of performance. Comparison of the profiles exhibited by patients to the component-based profiles predicted by the model identify the component impaired in a given patient, and connect the memory impairments to the underlying infarcted brain structures. The model, thus, relates the memory tasks to the particular memory components that allow enactment of those tasks, and shows how the dysfunction of particular components produces specific impairments.
MINOR MESH HEADINGS: Mental-Processes
MAJOR MeSH HEADINGS: *Amnesia-etiology; *Brain-Injuries-complications; *Models,-Psychological
CHECKTAGS: Human; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't; Support,-U.S.-Gov't,-P.H.S.
PUBLICATION TYPE: JOURNAL-ARTICLE
CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBERS: MH48066MHNIMH
MEDLINE ACCESSION NUMBER: 1997301080
UPDATE CODE: 199708
TITLE: Implicit and explicit memory in amnesia: some explanations and predictions by the TraceLink model.
AUTHOR(S): Murre-JM
ADDRESS OF AUTHOR: Department of Psychonomics, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. murre@psy.uva.nl
SOURCE (BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION): Memory. 1997 Jan-Mar; 5(1-2): 213-32
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER: 0965-8211
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997
LANGUAGE OF ARTICLE: ENGLISH
COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: ENGLAND
ABSTRACT: After a brief overview of some of the characteristics and neuroanatomy of amnesia, a new model of amnesia is described: the TraceLink model. One novel aspect of the model is that it makes specific and testable predictions regarding semantic dementia, a recently described disorder that is viewed here as being related to amnesia. The TraceLink model consists of: a trace system (roughly the neocortix), a link system (hippocampus and adjacent areas), and a modulatory system (certain basal forebrain nuclei). Different forms of learning in the TraceLink model are explained, followed by a discussion of implicit and explicit memory, prominence (ease of recall) and persistence (resistance to brain damage), consolidation, and Ribot gradients in retrograde amnesia. Patterns of recovery from retrograde amnesia are also discussed, and novel predictions are derived regarding implicit memory and various forms of amnesia.
MINOR MESH HEADINGS: Brain-Injuries-physiopathology; Dementia-physiopathology
MAJOR MeSH HEADINGS: *Amnesia-physiopathology; *Models,-Psychological
CHECKTAGS: Human; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PUBLICATION TYPE: JOURNAL-ARTICLE
MEDLINE ACCESSION NUMBER: 1997301079
UPDATE CODE: 199708
TITLE: How can be best explain retrograde amnesia in human memory disorder?
AUTHOR(S): Kapur-N
ADDRESS OF AUTHOR: Wessex Neurological Centre, Southampton General Hospital, UK.
SOURCE (BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION): Memory. 1997 Jan-Mar; 5(1-2): 115-29
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER: 0965-8211
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997
LANGUAGE OF ARTICLE: ENGLISH
COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: ENGLAND
ABSTRACT: I firstly consider general issues relating to our attempts to understand retrograde amnesia. Three main hypotheses are reviewed that have been proposed to account for retrograde amnesia. A theory is outlined to explain the dense autobiographical amnesia that is a focal phenomenon in some cases of severe head injury. This theory postulates that autobiographical retrieval requires the activation of a distributed network of cognitive operations, and that autobiographical amnesia results from the occurrence of multiple areas of pathology, distributed over both space and time.
MINOR MESH HEADINGS: Age-of-Onset; Age-Factors; Brain-Injuries-physiopathology; Memory-physiology; Time-Factors
MAJOR MeSH HEADINGS: *Amnesia,-Retrograde-physiopathology; *Brain-physiopathology; *Models,-Psychological
CHECKTAGS: Human; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PUBLICATION TYPE: JOURNAL-ARTICLE
MEDLINE ACCESSION NUMBER: 1997301076
UPDATE CODE: 199708
TITLE: Posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with traumatic brain injury and amnesia for the event?
AUTHOR(S): Warden-DL; Labbate-LA; Salazar-AM; Nelson-R; Sheley-E; Staudenmeier-J; Martin-E
ADDRESS OF AUTHOR: Defense and Veterans Head Injury Program, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC 20307-5001, USA.
SOURCE (BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION): J-Neuropsychiatry-Clin-Neurosci. 1997 Winter; 9(1): 18-22
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER: 0895-0172
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997
LANGUAGE OF ARTICLE: ENGLISH
COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: UNITED-STATES
ABSTRACT: Frequency of DSM-III-R posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was studied in 47 active-duty service members (46 male, 1 female; mean age 27 = 7) with moderate traumatic brain injury and neurogenic amnesia for the event. Patients had attained "oriented and cooperative" recovery level. When evaluated with a modified Present State Examination and other questions at various points from study entry to 24-month follow-up, no patients met full criteria for PTSD or met criterion B (reexperience); 6 (13%) met both C (avoidance) and D (arousal) criteria. Five of these 6 also had organic mood disorder, depressed type, and/or organic anxiety disorder. Posttraumatic amnesia following moderate head injury may protect against recurring memories and the development of PTSD. Some patients with neurogenic amnesia may develop a form of PTSD without the reexperiencing symptoms.
MINOR MESH HEADINGS: Adult-; Amnesia-psychology; Arousal-; Brain-Injuries-psychology; Consciousness-physiology; Military-Personnel; Neuropsychological-Tests; Psychiatric-Status-Rating-Scales; Stress-Disorders,-Post-Traumatic-psychology
MAJOR MeSH HEADINGS: *Amnesia-complications; *Brain-Injuries-complications; *Stress-Disorders,-Post-Traumatic-etiology
CHECKTAGS: Female; Human; Male
PUBLICATION TYPE: CLINICAL-TRIAL; JOURNAL-ARTICLE
MEDLINE ACCESSION NUMBER: 1997169981
UPDATE CODE: 199706