[2] See Kraut, 1967, p. 198.

[3] See Huygens, 1962, page v.

[4] See Young, 1972, p. 192.

[5] Peirce, 1957, p. 195.

[6] The uncertainty or indeterminacy principle asserts the impossibility of being completely sure of the position and speed of an atomic particle. In fact, the principle extends to all independent quantities. One reason is that the measuring device must distort one entity in order to allow the observer to measure the other. An illustration often used is that of the coin. Both sides must exist in order to have the coin; yet both cannot face upward at the same instant. Quantum physicists got around the problem by using large numbers of events and making highly precise estimates of the uncertain quantity. They minimized rather than tried to eliminate uncertainty. But knowledge of the speed of light would make phase itself theoretically unknowable.

[7] Resolution refers to the optical separation of details in an object. Thus a microscope not only magnifies, it also resolves details. A number of factors make for resolving power. But wavelength is a critical factor. The shorter the wavelength, the more the beam will resolve. Electron waves are many thousands of times shorter than visible light waves.

[8] Gabor, 1972, p. 299.

[9] See Leith and Upatnieks, 1964, p. 1297.

[10] A physicist named Bohm has, in fact, proposed a holographic theory of the universe.

[11] Leith and Upatnieks, 1964, p. 1297.