Reading Education for Hearing Impaired and Deaf Individuals
Greetings. The following materials are intended to provide an introduction to Reading Education for Hearing Impaired and Deaf Individuals. They were assembled from the World Wide Web, ERIC Database, and a variety of other bibliographic resources. Instructions for acquiring the full text of the ERIC records are presented at the end of this file.
Fang Fang
Reference Specialist
Alphabetically arranged listing of bibliographies
Categorically arranged listing of bibliographies
Internet Sites
Karen Nakamura's Deaf Resource Library
The National Information Clearinghouse on Children Who Are Deaf-Blind
Handitel's Database on Disabilities and Education
Deaf Education Database at the Scottish Sensory Centre
Hearing Loss Resources: The SayWhatClub
Resources: Literacy Instruction for Students with Hearing Loss
Where Do We Go From HEAR? A Web Site for families of children diagnosed with hearing loss and professionals helping to improve the situation of children with diagnosed hearing loss
Citations from the ERIC Database
AN: EJ637168
AU: Goldin-Meadow,-Susan; Mayberry,-Rachel-I.
TI: How Do Profoundly Deaf Children Learn To Read?
PY: 2001
SO: Learning-Disabilities:-Research-and-Practice; v16 n4 p222-29 Nov 2001.
NT: Special Issue: Emergent and Early Literacy: Current Status and Research Directions.
DEM: *Beginning-Reading; *Deafness-; *Language-Acquisition; *Literacy-; *Reading-Instruction; *Reading-Strategies
DER: Elementary-Education
AB: This article explores how children with deafness learn to read. It discusses findings that indicate children with deafness read by using a code that is not based on sound, the importance of understanding the language that is mapped by the print system, and what types of interventions are needed. (Contains references.) (Author/CR)
AN: ED454654
AU: Easterbrooks,-Susan-R.; Huston,-Sandra-G.
TI: Examining Reading Comprehension and Fluency in Students Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing.
PY: 2001
NT: Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Council for Exceptional Children (80th, Kansas City, MO, April 18-21, 2001).
PR: EDRS Price MF01/PC02 Plus Postage.
DL: http://www.edrs.com/members/sp.cfm?AN=ED454654
DEM: *Deafness-; *Hearing-Impairments; *Reading-Comprehension; *Reading-Rate; *Reading-Tests; *Screening-Tests
DER: Disability-Identification; Elementary-Secondary-Education; Evaluation-Methods; Portfolio-Assessment; Reading-Ability; Reading-Difficulties; Student-Evaluation
AB: This paper discusses various approaches educators can use to evaluate the reading skills of students who are deaf and hard of hearing, with special emphasis on reading fluency. Various assessment measures are described and examples of how mature users of American Sign Language read English are given. It highlights the use of a literacy portfolio, rubric assessments, observation checklists, anecdotal records and diaries, a running record analysis, writing samples, reading attitude and interest surveys, a metalinguistic strategy survey, and a reading and writing log to assess students with hearing impairments. After reviewing the types of information the educators need to gather about reading ability, the "Reading Fluency Screening for Signing Students Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing" is described. This screening tool provides teachers with a format for comparing fluency traits in children with those exhibited by fluent adult deaf readers by measuring fluency envelope, internal grammatical aspects, and internal word level aspects. The paper closes with the suggestions for increasing reading comprehension and fluency through semantic interventions, syntactic interventions, and pragmatic interventions. (Contains 20 references.) (CR)
AN: EJ627975
AU: Mayer,-Connie; Akamatsu,-C.-Tane
TI: Deaf Children Creating Written Texts: Contributions of American Sign Language and Signed Forms of English.
PY: 2000
SO: American-Annals-of-the-Deaf; v145 n5 p394-403 Dec 2000.
DEM: *American-Sign-Language; *Deafness-; *Instructional-Effectiveness; *Listening-Comprehension; *Sign-Language; *Writing-Composition
DER: English-; Junior-High-School-Students; Junior-High-Schools; Reading-Comprehension
AB: A study involving three children who are deaf (grades 7-8) investigated the ways in which American Sign Language (ASL) and English-based sign allow for comprehension of text content. Retelling, proposition, and feature analysis scores indicate students understood the fable texts whether they were presented in ASL or English-based sign. (Contains references.) (CR)
AN: EJ585743
AU: Lartz,-Maribeth-N.
TI: Teaching Hearing Parents To Read Effectively to Their Children Who Are Deaf.
PY: 1999
SO: TEACHING-Exceptional-Children; v31 n5 p43-46 May-Jun 1999
DE: *Deafness-; *Hearing-Impairments; *Parent-Student-Relationship; *Reading-Aloud-to-Others; *Sign-Language; *Visual-Stimuli
DE: Parent-Education; Parent-Participation; Teacher-Role; Young-Children
AB: Describes how teachers can support hearing parents in the use of strategies for reading effectively to children with deafness. Discusses using visual strategies for reading such as sign placement, text paired with sign demonstration, real-world connection between text and child's experience, and physical demonstration of character changes. (CR)
AN: EJ583740
AU: Ronnberg,-Jerker; Andersson,-Jan; Samuelsson,-Stefan; Soderfeldt,-Birgitta; Lyxell,-Bjorn; Risberg,-Jarl
TI: A Speechreading Expert: The Case of MM.
PY: 1999
SO: Journal-of-Speech,-Language,-and-Hearing-Research; v42 n1 p5-20 Feb PY:1999
DE: *Hearing-Impairments; *Language-Acquisition; *Lipreading-; *Partial-Hearing
DE: Adults-; Case-Studies; Cognitive-Development; Congenital-Impairments; Developmental-Stages; Females-; Foreign-Countries; Sign-Language
AB: This case study describes a 25-year-old Swedish woman with hereditary moderate hearing loss since birth who acquired both sign language and spoken language in her early preschool years and reached normal developmental milestones in each. Analysis revealed that her speech reading expertise is associated with cognitive functions such as high working-memory capacity and phonological skills. (Author/DB)
AN: EJ581678
AU: Burkholder,-Kim
TI: Reading and American Sign Language: Strategies for Translation.
PY: 1999
SO: Perspectives-in-Education-and-Deafness; v17 n3 p6-8 Jan-Feb 1999
DE: *American-Sign-Language; *Deaf-Interpreting; *Deafness-; *Reading-Instruction
DE: Communication-Thought-Transfer; Elementary-Education; English-Second-Language; Story-Reading; Story-Telling
AB: A hearing teacher for whom American Sign Language is a second language identifies nine strategies developed for reading and telling stories to deaf children.
AN: EJ579493
AU: Allinder,-Rose-M.; Eccarius,-Malinda-A.
TI: Exploring the Technical Adequacy of Curriculum-Based Measurement in Reading for Children Who Use Manually Coded English.
PY: 1999
SO: Exceptional-Children; v65 n2 p271-83 Win 1999
DE: *Curriculum-Based-Assessment; *Hearing-Impairments; *Interrater-Reliability; *Reading-Ability; *Test-Validity
DE: Elementary-Education; Evaluation-Methods; Student-Evaluation
AB: A study explored the validity and reliability of using curriculum-based measurement reading procedures for progress monitoring purposes with 36 students with hearing impairments who used manually coded English. Results indicated that interjudge and alternative form reliability was very acceptable. Limitations and implications for using curriculum-based measurement are discussed. (Author/CR)
AN: EJ580101
AU: Zingher,-Gary
TI: Heroic and Passionate Readers.
PY: 1998
SO: School-Library-Media-Activities-Monthly; v15 n4 p36-40 Dec 1998
DE: *Childrens-Literature; *Reading-; *Role-Models
DE: Art-; Bibliographies-; Books-; Deafness-; Dyslexia-; Economically-Disadvantaged; Family-Involvement; Homeless-People; Illiteracy-; Learning-Activities; Reading-Motivation; Research-; Thematic-Approach; Units-of-Study; Visual-Impairments; Writing-Composition
AB: Presents books to be used in a thematic unit focusing on readers as heroes and heroines in which characters become readers despite being poor, homeless, deaf, visually impaired, dyslexic, or having parents who are illiterate or who read and write in another language. Describes student activities: research, art, writing, family reading, letter writing, and forums. (PEN)
AN: EJ575290
AU: Bailes,-Cynthia-Neese
TI: Promoting English Literacy in Residential Environments.
PY: 1998
SO: Perspectives-in-Education-and-Deafness; v17 n1 p4-6 Sep-Oct 1998
DE: *English-Instruction; *Hearing-Impairments; *Literacy-; *Reading-Instruction; *Residential-Schools
DE: American-Sign-Language; Classroom-Techniques; Elementary-Secondary-Education; English-Second-Language; Reading-Motivation; Writing-Laboratories
AB: Provides suggestions to promote English literacy to students with hearing impairments in residential environments. Strategies include model reading and writing, read to children regularly and in American Sign Language, set up a writing center, encourage book sharing, set up a home library/reading center, and encourage ownership of books. (CR)
AN: ED426690
AU: Andersson,-Jan, ed.
TI: Department of Education and Psychology. Annual Report 1997.
CS: Linkoping Univ. (Sweden). Dept. of Education and Psychology.
PY: 1998
PR: EDRS Price MF01/PC04 Plus Postage. DL: http://orders.edrs.com/members/sp.cfm?AN=ED426690
DE: *Behavioral-Science-Research; *Educational-Research
DE: Adolescent-Development; Adult-Education; Annotated-Bibliographies; Classroom-Techniques; Educational-Psychology; Ethics-; Foreign-Countries; Group-Dynamics; Hearing-Impairments; Higher-Education; Organizational-Change; Physical-Therapy; Psychotherapy-; Publications-; Reading-Difficulties; Research-Reports; Schools-of-Education; Teacher-Education
AB: This annual report presents an annotated bibliography of the research reported from the Department of Education and Psychology, Linkoping University (Sweden) during 1997. The bibliography describes 21 research projects led by Education staff, 44 publications written by Education staff, 13 projects led by Psychology staff, and 64 publications written by Psychology staff. Publications listed include journal articles, book chapters, and conference presentations. Topics covered in the research and publications include ethics, human resources development, adult education, knowledge utilization, organizational change, physiotherapy education, problem-based learning, group processes, hearing impairments, adolescent identity development, reading problems, classroom management, and effects of psychotherapy. A brief history of the university and a contributor index are also included. (DLS)
AN: EJ571856
AU: Nelson,-Keith-E.
TI: Toward a Differentiated Account of Facilitators of Literacy Development and ASL in Deaf Children.
PY: 1998
SO: Topics-in-Language-Disorders; v18 n4 p73-88 Aug 1998
NT: Theme Issue: ASL Proficiency and English Literacy Acquisition: New Perspectives.
DE: *American-Sign-Language; *Bilingualism-; *Deafness-; *Language-Acquisition; *Language-Impairments; *Sign-Language
DE: Bilingual-Education; Elementary-Secondary-Education; English-Second-Language; Literacy-; Reading-Difficulties; Reading-Skills; Theories-
AB: This commentary reviews the articles in this theme issue and analyzes American Sign Language (ASL) bilingual approaches to supporting children with deafness in acquiring English text skills. Also discussed are theoretical explanations for how bilingual contexts may contribute to progress in English literacy and spoken English. Issues for the future are addressed. (Author/LC)
AN: EJ571853
AU: Padden,-Carol; Ramsey,-Claire
TI: Reading Ability in Signing Deaf Children.
PY: 1998
SO: Topics-in-Language-Disorders; v18 n4 p30-46 Aug 1998
NT: Theme Issue: ASL Proficiency and English Literacy Acquisition: New Perspectives.
DE: *American-Sign-Language; *Bilingualism-; *Deafness-; *Language-Acquisition; *Reading-Difficulties
DE: Elementary-Secondary-Education; English-Second-Language; Reading-Skills; Theories-
AB: Reviews claims proposing that knowledge of American Sign Language (ASL) facilitates reading development in deaf children. It offers support for one such claim although it argues that the relationship does not develop naturally but must be cultivated through experiences that serve to direct attention to correspondences between different language systems. (Author/DB)
AN: EJ571851
AU: Kuntze,-Marlon
TI: Literacy and Deaf Children: The Language Question.
PY: 1998
SO: Topics-in-Language-Disorders; v18 n4 p1-15 Aug 1998
NT: Theme Issue: ASL Proficiency and English Literacy Acquisition: New Perspectives.
DE: *American-Sign-Language; *Beginning-Reading; *Deafness-; *Language-Acquisition
DE: Literacy-; Thinking-Skills; Young-Children
AB: Argues for the use of American Sign Language (ASL), rather than spoken English or Manual English, with deaf children in to build language and thinking skills and thereby mediate the meaning of English in print and facilitate literacy development. (DB)
AN: EJ569905
AU: Hansen,-Daryl-E.; Gillespie,-Diane
TI: Struggles in the Classroom: A Deaf Student's Case.
PY: 1998
SO: Journal-of-College-Reading-and-Learning; v28 n2 p132-40 Spr 1998
NT: Journal availability: College Reading and Learning Association, Rosalind Lee, Secretary, CRLA, Kwantlen University College, 8771 Lansdowne Rd., Richmond, BC Canada V6X 3V8.
DE: *Deafness-; *Teacher-Student-Relationship; *Writing-Skills
DE: Case-Studies; Higher-Education; Individual-Needs; Student-Needs
AB: Tells the story of a very academically motivated college student who is deaf and who confronts an instructor who seems unprepared to teach her. Contends, in a response by Ruth Warick, that "Tracy" is disadvantaged by the instructor's approach that emphasizes writing skills and requires writing in "voices." Suggests ways to help. (PA)
AN: ED424751
AU: Evans,-Charlotte
TI: Literacy Acquisition in Deaf Children.
PY: 1998
NT: Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages (32nd, Seattle, WA, March 17-21, 1998).
PR: EDRS Price MF01/PC02 Plus Postage. DL: http://orders.edrs.com/members/sp.cfm?AN=ED424751
DE: *American-Sign-Language; *Bilingual-Education; *Child-Language; *Deafness-; *Language-Acquisition; *Literacy-
DE: Children-; Classroom-Techniques; Comparative-Analysis; Cultural-Awareness; English-; Literacy-Education; Role-Models; Second-Languages; Student-Motivation; Subcultures-; Translation-; Written-Language
AB: A review of literature focuses on the literacy acquisition process of deaf children who acquire American Sign Language (ASL) as a first language and written English as a second language. Literacy in this context is defined broadly to include the context and culture in which reading and writing occur, referring to the strong connection between language learning, the individual, and the community and emphasizing the importance of literacy acquisition and problems that can occur when literacy in this broad sense is impaired. Topics addressed in the review include: the nature of bilingualism; bilingual deaf education (BDE), or the teaching of English to deaf children as a second language (including the differences in the natures of ASL and English and differences between BDE and other forms of bilingual education); and the need for special strategies for literacy instruction for deaf children (motivation and self-concept development, teacher understanding of the principles of language development, the role of basic knowledge of the first language (ASL) in developing literacy, the speak-then-read approach, allowing student use of translation, emphasis on comprehension, incorporation of culture into instruction, use of cultural role models). Contains 56 references. (MSE)
AN: EJ566297
AU: Hnath-Chisolm,-Theresa-E.; Laipply,-Erin; Boothroyd,-Arthur
TI: Age-Related Changes on a Children's Test of Sensory-Level Speech Perception Capacity.
PY: 1998 SO: Journal-of-Speech,-Language,-and-Hearing-Research; v41 n1 p94-106 Feb 1998
DE: *Developmental-Stages; *Hearing-Impairments; *Perceptual-Development; *Speech-Communication; *Speech-Impairments
DE: Age-Differences; Child-Development; Children-; Evaluation-Methods; Hearing-Physiology; Sensory-Integration
AB: A study used the Three-Interval Forced-Choice Test of Speech Pattern Contrast Perception (THRIFT) to examine sensory-level speech-perception performance under the input modalities of hearing alone, speech-reading alone, and the two combined in 44 children (ages 5-10). Within each condition there were significant influences of age on performance for children below age seven. (Author/CR)
AN: EJ562694
AU: Miller,-Kevin-J.
TI: More than Just a Story: Teaching and Storytelling: The Arts of Teaching and Narrating.
PY: 1998
SO: Perspectives-in-Education-and-Deafness; v16 n4 p2-4 Mar-Apr 1998
DE: *Deafness-; *Hearing-Impairments; *Learning-Strategies; *Literacy-; *Story-Reading; *Story-Telling
DE: Childrens-Literature; Narration-; Preschool-Education
AB: Discusses how storytelling can be used as an effective way of developing literacy for preschool children who are deaf or hard of hearing. A sample lesson illustrates how themes from children's books can lead to a myriad of topics touching a variety of content areas. (CR)
AN: ED418542
AU: Easterbrooks,-Susan-R.
TI: Adapting the Regular Classroom for Students Who Are Deaf/Hard of Hearing.
PY: 1998
NT: Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the Council for Exceptional Children (Minneapolis, MN, April 18, 1998).
PR: EDRS Price MF01/PC02 Plus Postage. DL: http://orders.edrs.com/members/sp.cfm?AN=ED418542
DE: *Classroom-Environment; *Deaf-Interpreting; *Deafness-; *Mainstreaming-; *Partial-Hearing
DE: Acoustics-; Assistive-Devices-for-Disabled; Certification-; Elementary-Secondary-Education; Inclusive-Schools; Notetaking-; Predictor-Variables; Student-Placement; Test-Interpretation
AB: This paper describes several tools that the regular and special education teacher can use to ensure that modifications for students with hearing impairments in the regular classroom are both available and of sufficient quality. First, the Mainstream Success Index, an aid to interpreting test scores for the purpose of making educational decisions, is described. The Index focuses on four factors which are most predictive of mainstream success: verbal achievement, receptive language, expressive language, and reading achievement. Second, specific suggestions are offered for modifying the acoustic environment so that standards for the ambient noise level and the signal to noise ratio are met. Third, guidelines for using an interpreter in the classroom and information on interpretation, types of certifications, interpreter roles and responsibilities, and the relationship between interpreter and teacher are offered. Finally, the use of classroom note-takers is discussed including technical equipment and decisions regarding use of a professional or a volunteer. Handouts and overheads are attached. (DB)
AN: EJ559572
AU: Devenow,-Pearl-S.; Richey,-Matthew-P.
TI: Hypertext: Reading Tool at the Fingertips.
PY: 1998
SO: Perspectives-in-Education-and-Deafness; v16 n3 p14-15,23 Jan-Feb 1998
DE: *Hearing-Impairments; *Hypermedia-; *Reading-Instruction
DE: Deafness-; Elementary-Secondary-Education; Individualized-Instruction; Mathematics-Instruction
AB: Offers suggestions for utilizing hypertext to individualize reading lessons for deaf and hard of hearing children. Necessary hardware and software requirements are listed, and a detailed example is provided. Possible uses of hypertext in mathematics instruction are noted. (DB)
AN: EJ559569
AU: Jensema,-Carl; Rovins,-Michele
TI: Correction: Frequently-Used Words in TV Captions.
PY: 1998
SO: Perspectives-in-Education-and-Deafness; v16 n3 p5 Jan-Feb 1998
DE: *Captions-; *Hearing-Impairments; *Television-; *Word-Lists
DE: Deafness-; Vocabulary-; Word-Frequency
AB: The 250 most frequently used words in television captions are listed in order of frequency. This table is a correction to the table printed in the article "Instant Reading Incentives: TV Captions," in the September 1997 issue. (DB)
AN: EJ556876
AU: Cambridge,-Theresa; Abdulezer,-Susan
TI: Sharing Shakespeare: Integrating Literature, Technology, and American Sign Language.
PY: 1998
SO: NASSP-Bulletin; v82 n594 p19-23 Jan 1998
DE: *American-Sign-Language; *Deafness-; *Language-Arts; *Limited-English-Speaking; *Multimedia-Instruction
DE: Adolescents-; English-Second-Language; Immigrants-; Literacy-Education; Program-Descriptions; Secondary-Education
AB: The Sharing Shakespeare project at New York City's Public School for the Deaf developed a unique, elective, process-oriented literature class that combined teenage profoundly deaf students and culturally diverse, limited-English-proficient hearing students. Aided by multimedia technologies, these students collaborated in learning, reading, and staging a production of "King Lear" and developing interactive software based on their studies. (MLH)
AN: ED415857
AU: Roeber,-Jane-A., ed.
TI: Make Waves: Read! 1998 Summer Library Program Manual. Bulletin No. 98107.
CS: Wisconsin State Dept. of Public Instruction, Madison.
PY: 1998
PR: EDRS Price MF01/PC11 Plus Postage. DL: http://orders.edrs.com/members/sp.cfm?AN=ED415857
DE: *Library-Extension; *Reading-Materials; *Reading-Programs; *Summer-Programs
DE: Children-; Educational-Games; Educational-Resources; Elementary-Education; Hearing-Impairments; Internet-; Learning-Activities; Library-Planning; Public-Libraries; Publicity-; School-Libraries; State-Programs; Theater-Arts; Visual-Impairments; Young-Children
AB: This manual is designed to help individual libraries in Wisconsin plan and implement their summer library programs. The manual is divided into six sections. Section 1 covers planning and promoting programs, and includes reproducible promotional materials, sample letters to parents, and sample media materials. Section 2 provides decorating and display ideas for the library and name tag designs. Section 3 provides programs and activities. It recommends general resource materials; talks about surfing the Internet; provides poetry, stories, and plays to perform; outlines storytime programs; and describes water-related activities and crafts. The majority of programs are aimed at young children. Section 4 provides giveaways and games, including clip art, puzzles and word games, mazes and coloring pages, and answer keys. Section 5 lists Wisconsin performing artists with a description of their performance type and contact information. Section 6 contains sources and resources, including resources for people who have hearing loss and/or visual disabilities and catalogs of companies that provide additional sources of materials and prizes. (SWC)
AN: EJ585772
AU: Blackburn,-Laura-A.; Larkin,-Emily-J.
TI: Shared Reading Means Shared Lives.
PY: 1997
SO: Perspectives-in-Education-and-Deafness; v15 n4 p6-8 Mar-Apr 1997
DE: *American-Sign-Language; *Deafness-; *Language-Acquisition; *Reading-Aloud-to-Others; *Story-Reading
DE: Language-Arts; Mentors-; Parent-Child-Relationship; Parent-Education
AB: Describes the Shared Reading Program, a home-school effort of Gallaudet University's Pre-College National Mission Programs. Under the program, mentors teach parents and caregivers how to read to deaf children using American Sign Language. Describes a family with six young children includes 12 tips for reading to a deaf child. (DB)
AN: EJ581807
AU: Paul,-Peter-V.
TI: Reading for Students with Hearing Impairments: Research Review and Implications.
PY: 1997
SO: Volta-Review; v99 n2 p73-87 Spr 1997
DE: *Deafness-; *Hearing-Impairments; *Reading-Comprehension; *Reading-Instruction; *Reading-Skills; *Word-Recognition
DE: Elementary-Secondary-Education
AB: Synthesizes major research findings about improving reading skills in typical students and students who have severe to profound hearing impairments. Addresses three major components of instruction: word identification, word meaning, and comprehension. Instructional implications for improving the reading comprehension of students with hearing impairments are presented. (Author/CR)

Special Needs Of Special Children In this issue we will talk about children who are special because they learn differently than other children do. The issue is filled with helpful instruction, illustrations, and activities. |
Other Resources (available either for sale or via interlibrary loan)
Title: Language learning in children who are deaf and hard of hearing :
multiple pathways
Author: Susan R Easterbrooks; Sharon K Baker
Year: 2002, ISBN: 0205331009 (alk. paper)
Publisher: Boston, Ma. Allyn & Bacon,
Title: Teaching deaf and hard of hearing students : content, strategies, and curriculum
Author: David Alan Stewart; Thomas N Kluwin
Year: 2001, ISBN: 020530768X
Publisher: Boston, MA : Allyn and Bacon,
Title: Language across the curriculum : when students are deaf or hard of hearing
Author: B Luetke-Stahlman
Year: 1999, ISBN: 1884362273 :
Publisher: Hillsboro, Or. : Butte Publications,
Title: Literacy and deafness: The development of reading, writing, and literate thought.
Author: Paul, Peter V.
Year: 1998 ISBN: 0205175767
Publisher: Boston, Allyn and Bacon
Title: Choices in deafness : a parents' guide to communication options
Author: Sue Schwartz
Year: 1996 2nd ed. ISBN: 0933149859 (paper)
Publisher: Bethesda, MD : Woodbine House,
To Order Full-Text Copies of ERIC Journal and ERIC Document Citations:
Citations identified with an ED (ERIC document) number are available in ERIC microfiche collections at over 1000 locations worldwide; to identify your local source, connect to the: ERIC Resource Collection.
Documents can also be ordered through EDRS for a fee: email service@edrs.com, tel. (800)443-ERIC. Selected ERIC Documents are available through online ordering via the EDRS's web site
Citations with an EJ (ERIC journal) number are available through the originating journal, interlibrary loan services, or for a fee from the following article reproduction services: Ingenta: email: ushelp@ingenta.com, tel. (800) 296 2221, online order form; or ISI Document Solution: email: ids@isinet.com, tel. (800) 336-4474, (215) 386-4399, online order form.
The Clearinghouse on Reading, English, and Communication is an information repository of the Indiana University School of Education.
Dr. Carl B. Smith, Professor 