Grapheme
A written or printed representation of a phoneme, as b for /b/ and oy for /oi/ in boy. Note: In English, a grapheme may be a single letter or a group of letters. It includes all the ways in which the phoneme may be written or printed.

Grapheme-phoneme correspondence
The relationship between a grapheme and the phoneme(s) it represents; letter-sound correspondence, as c representing /k/ in cat and /s/ in cent. Note: Technically, grapheme-phoneme correspondence refers to how letters correspond to sounds, not vice versa. Phonics as a teaching device in reading instruction concerns grapheme-phoneme correspondences-that is, how to pronounce words seen in print.

Graphemics
The study of the use of orthographic signs in a writing system; graphology.

Graphetics
The study of the general function and shape of orthographic symbols irrespective of their particular use in a writing system.

Homograph
Two or more words that are spelled the same, sound different, and have different meanings; e.g., bow (and arrow) vs.bow (of a ship).

Homonym
Two or more words that are spelled the same, sound the same, and have different meanings; e.g., bear (an animal) vs. bear (to support).

Homophone
Two or more words that are spelled differently, sound the same, and have different meanings; e.g., hair, hare; to, too, two.