References and Citations

1. Richard N.L. Andrews, Managing Environment, Managing Ourselves: A History of American Environmental Policy, New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1999.

2. For example, see Timothy C. Weiskel and Richard A. Gray, Environmental Decline and Public Policy: Pattern, Trend and Prospect, Ann Arbor, Mich.: Perian Press, 1992: 182.

3. Robert L. Heilbroner, An Inquiry Into the Human Prospect, New York: W.W. Norton 1974, 136. Heilbroner extended his Inquiry in a second edition-Updated and Reconsidered for the 1980s, Norton, 1980, and in Visions of the Future: The Distant Past, Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow, New York: The New York Public Library, Oxford University Press, 1995. His essential thesis remained largely unchanged: beyond the trauma of the near future was hope for the far future.

4. Lynton K. Caldwell, "Environment: A New Focus for Public Policy?" Public Administration Review, 23, no. 3 (September 1963): 132­9.

5. World Scientists' Warning to Humanity, Cambridge, Mass.: Union of Concerned Scientists, November 18, 1992. The Warning identified critical environmental stress on atmosphere, water resources, oceans, soil, forests, and living species exacerbated by unrestrained population growth. Note also, Joseph F. Coates. "The Sixteen Sources of Environmental Problems in the 21st Century," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 40 (1991): 87­91.

6. John Platt, "What We Must Do," Science, 166 (28 November 1969): 1115­21.

7. Bernard McGinn, John Joseph Collins, and Stephen J. Stein, eds., Encyclopedia of Apocalypticism, New York: Continuum Publishing Group, 1998.

8. Stephen Cotgrove, Catastrophe or Cornucopia: Environment, Politics, and the Future, New York: John Wiley, 1982.

9. Lester R. Brown, "The Discontinuities Before Us," The Futurist, 9 (June 1975): 122­31.

10. Lynton K. Caldwell, "Environmental Policy in a Hypertrophic Society," Natural Resources Journal, 11 (July 1971): 41­26.

11. Eric Ashby, Reconciling Man with the Environment, Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1978: 3­4. See also, Mihajlo Mesarovic and Eduard Pestel, Mankind at the Turning Point: The Second Report to the Club of Rome, New York: Dutton, 1974.

12. A concern expressed by environmental biologist René Dubos in Man Adapting (1965).

13. Julian L. Simon, "Resources, Population, Environment: An Oversupply of False Bad News," Science, 108 (June 17, 1980): 143­36. Simon has been possibly the most notorious "debunker" of limits to growth, resource depletion, and over-population.

14. For example, Jay W. Forrester, World Dynamics, Cambridge, Mass.: Wright, 1947; Ervin Laszlo, The System Views of the World, New York: Braziller, 1972; and Kenneth Boulding, The World as a Total System, Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1985.

15. Donella H. Meadows, Dennis L. Meadows, et al., The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome's Project on the Predicament of Mankind, New York: Universe Books, 1972; and Mesarovic and Pestel, sup no.11. Also, Alexander King and Bertrand Schneider, First Global Revolution: A Report by the Council of the Club of Rome, New York: Pantheon, 1991.

16. Peter A. Corning, The Synergism Hypothesis: A Theory of Progressive Evolution, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983.

17. Too numerous to list here, the following are representative of organized inquiry into possible futures: Forum for the Future (England), Groupe Futuribles (France) Etudes et Expansion (Belgium), Congressional Clearing House on the Future, the Millennium Institute (USA), and the World Futures Society (international). For more information, see the Encyclopedia of Associations, and Associations Unlimited (online). There are many individual futurologists.

18. Max H. Bazerman, Don A. Moore, and James Gillespie, The Human Mind as a Barrier to Wiser Environmental Agreements, Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Institute for Policy Research, Working Papers 98­16. But see also, Rudolf H. Moos, The Human Context: Environmental Determinants of Behavior, New York: John Wiley, 1976; and Harold Coward, ed., Population, Consumption, and the Environment: Religious and Secular Responses, Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995.

19. Jay W. Forrester, "Counterintuitive Behavior of Social Systems," Technology Review 73, (January 1971): 53.

20. Donella H. Meadows, Beyond the Limits: Confronting Global Collapse, Envisioning a Sustainable Future, Post Mills, Vt.: Chelsea Green, 1992. See also Seymour Hirsch, Social Limits to Growth, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1976; and Kan Chen and Karl F. Lagler, eds., Growth Policy: Population Environment and Beyond, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1974. There is a large amount of literature on the growth issue, pro and con. But despite the cogent and confirmable evidence of the limits argument it has had no discernible affect upon public policy.

21. For example, Gerald T. Gardner and Paul Stern, Environmental Problems and Human Behavior, Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1996; or Charles Perrow in Normal Accidents: Living with High Risk Technologies, New York: Basic Books, 1984. More directly related to this thesis are Barry A. Turner, Man-Made Disasters, London: Wyeham Publications and New York: Crane, Russak, 1978; also Gilbert F. White and J. Eugene Haas, Assessment of Research on Natural Disasters, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1975; Gilbert F. White, Natural Hazards: Local, National, Global, New York: Oxford University Press, 1974; and Ian Burton, Robert Kates, and Gilbert F. White, The Environment as Hazard, New York: Oxford University Press, 1978.

22. The authors of Our Stolen Future, Theo Colborn, Dianne Dumanaski, and John Peterson Myers, New York: Dutton, 1996: 234, write: "What we fear most is not extinction, but the insidious erosion of the human species. We worry about an invisible loss of human potential-about the power of hormone-disrupting chemicals to undermine and alter the characteristics that make us human-our behavior, intelligence, and capacity for social organization."

23. James E. Lovelock, Gaia: A New Look at Life On Earth, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979.

24. W.R. Catton Jr., Overshoot: The Ecological Basis of Revolutionary Change, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1980.

25. For example, see Stanley Milgrim, "The Experience of Living in Cities," Science, 167 (13 March 1970): 1461­68; or Lynton K. Caldwell, "The Urban System as a Socio-Ecological Experiment,"in Current Issues in Environmental Education IV, Craig B. Davis and Arthur Sacks, eds., Columbus, Ohio: Eric Clearing House for Science, Mathematics, and Environmental Education, 1978, 106­1146 (see references). For a forecast of urban growth far exceeding present prospects and raising many ecological questions, see C.A. Doxiadis, "The Coming Era of Ecumenoplis," Saturday Review, (March 18, 1997): 11­14. For comparable conclusions based on controlled experiments, see J.B. Calhoun, The Ecology and Sociology of the Norway Rat, Bethesda, Md.: National Institute of Mental Health, 1963.

26. For example, see Raymond Aron, World Technology and Human Destiny, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, 1963; Sigfried Giedion, Mechanization Takes Command: A Contribution to Anonymous History, New York: Oxford University Press, 1948; Lewis Mumford, Technics and Civilization, New York: Harcourt, Brace 1934; Jacques Ellul, The Technological Society, New York: A.A. Knopf 1964; and William Aikin, Technocracy and the American Dream, 1900-1941, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977.

27. Donald N. Michael, "Too Much of a Good Thing: Dilemmas of an Information Society," Technology Forecasting and Social Change, 25 (1984): 347­54.

28. Cited from Raymond MacDonald Alden, Readings in English Prose of the Nineteenth Century, Part II, Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press (Houghton Mifflin), 1917: 413.

29. "The Beaks of Eagles," The Selected Poetry of Robinson Jeffers, New York: Random House, 1987: 607.

30. A case in point is the Earth in Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit by Albert Gore, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1992. This extraordinary, perceptive, and well-documented book has become a target for conservative and anti-environmental critics, e.g., see Environmental Gore: A Constructive Response to Earth in Balance edited by John A. Baden, San Francisco: Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy, 1994.

31. Two reports that should have made a difference are Population and the American Future, Report of the Commission on Population Growth and the American Future, 1972; and Material Needs and the Environment: Final Report of the National Commission on Materials Policy, 1973.

32. Jacques Monod, Chance and Necessity, New York: Vintage Books, 1972, 1980.

33. The theme of overconfidence in an unsustainable economy was developed by Kenneth E.F. Watt in The Titanic Effect: Planning for the Unthinkable, New York: Dutton, 1974.

34. Donald N. Michael, On Learning to Plan-and Planning to Learn, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1973; republished Alexandria, Va.: Miles River Press, 1997, with an update on the author's current thinking. Lester W. Milbrath, Envisioning a Sustainable Society: Learning Our Way Out, Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989; and Albert Bandura, Social Learning Theory, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1977.

35. For a pessimistic projection of humanity's ultimate future, see Roderick Seidenberg's Posthistoric Man: An Inquiry, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, and speculative writings by H.G. Wells. But to some moralists the fusion of scientific knowledge with the redemptive power of religion offers a prospect for salvation. Among expressions of this hope are Human Destiny by Lecomte de Noüy (1947); The Phenomenon of Man by Pierre Theilhard de Chardin (1955); and The Fate of Man in the Modern World by Nicholas Berdyaev, (1935).

36. A step toward assessing the prospect for human choice toward a sustainable future might be a multi-disciplinary updating of the substance of a book by anthropologist George A. Dorsey, Why We Behave Like Human Beings, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1925.

37. Jane Lubchenco, "Entering the Century of the Environment: A New Social Contract for Science," Science, 279 (23 January 1998): 496.

38. Recent Social Trends in the United States; report of the President's research committee on social trends with a foreword by Herbert Hoover, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1933.

39. Many of these declarations and resolutions have been compiled in a loose-leaf publication of the International Council of Environmental Law: International Environmental Soft Law, edited by W.E. Burhenne, selected and compiled by Marlene Jahnke, Dordrecht/Boston/London: Martinus Nijhoff, 1993.

40. New York: Free Press, 1991: 151 and 169.